Marketing Interview Question and Answers
Which of the following information forms available to the marketing manager can usually be accessed more quickly and cheaply than other information sources?
* a) Marketing intelligence
* b) Marketing research
* c) Customer profiles
* d) Internal databases
Answer d
All of the following are considered as drawbacks of local marketing except:
* a) It can drive up manufacturing and marketing costs by reducing economies of scale.
* b) It can create logistical problems when the company tries to meet varied requirements.
* c) It can attract unwanted competition.
* d) It can dilute the brand’s overall image.
Answer c
Cognitive dissonance occurs in which stage of the buyer decision-process model
* a) Need recognition
* b) Information search
* c) Evaluation of alternatives
* d) Post purchase behavior
Answer d
That the company that overlooks new and better ways to do things will eventually lose customers to another company that has found a better way of serving customer needs is a major tenet of which of the below:
* a) Innovative marketing
* b) Consumer-oriented marketing
* c) Value marketing
* d) Sense-of-mission marketing
Answer a
The biggest or greatest amount of involvement in a foreign market comes through which of the following
* a) Exporting
* b) Joint venturing
* c) Licensing
* d) Direct investment
Answer d
A ______________ is a good offered either free or at low cost as an incentive to buy a product.
* a) Patronage reward
* b) Spiff
* c) Price pack
* d) Premium
Answer d
Setting call objectives is done during which of the following stages of the selling process
* a) Prospecting
* b) Pre-approach
* c) Approach
* d) Handling objections
Answer b
Pricing to cover variable costs and some fixed costs, as in the case of some automobile distributorships that sell below total costs, is typical of which of the following pricing objectives?
* a) Current profit maximization
* b) Product quality leadership
* c) Market share leadership
* d) Survival
Answer d
In determining sales force size, when a company groups accounts into different size classes and then determines the number of salespeople needed to call on them the desired number of times, it is called the:
* a) Key-size approach
* b) Work-load approach
* c) Product-need approach
* d) Call-service approach
Answer b
__________________ are products bought by individuals and organizations for further processing or for use in conducting a business.
* a) Consumer products
* b) Services
* c) Industrial products
* d) Specialty products
Answer c
All of the following would be ways to segment within the category of psychographic segmentation except:
* a) Social class
* b) Occupation
* c) Lifestyle
* d) Personality
Answer b
The __________________ is a person within a reference group who, because of special skills, knowledge, personality, or other characteristics, exerts influence on others.
* a) Facilitator
* b) Referent actor
* c) Opinion leader
* d) Social role player
Answer c
_______________ describes changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience.
* a) Modeling
* b) Motivation
* c) Perception
* d) Learning
Answer d
Concerns that the manufacturers of harmful products such as tobacco have influence on lawmakers to the detriment of the public interest are used as evidence of, which criticism of marketing
* a) Too much advertising
* b) Too few social goods
* c) Cultural pollution
* d) Too much political power
Answer d
The Internet evolved from a network created by _________________ during the 1960s.
* a) The Commerce Department
* b) The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
* c) Northwestern University
* d) The Defense Department
Answer d
In terms of execution styles, a family seated at the dinner table enjoying the advertised product would be an example of which of the following types of advertising
* a) Slice of life
* b) Lifestyle
* c) Mood or imagery
* d) Personality symbol
Answer a
A child in the United States is normally exposed to all of the following values except:
* a) Achievement and success
* b) Activity and involvement
* c) Material comfort
* d) Collectivism
Answer d
____________ have contractual authority to sell a manufacturer’s entire output.
* a) Selling agents
* b) Rack jobbers
* c) Manufacturer’s agents
* d) Purchasing agents
Answer a
Sellers that handle their own exports are engaged in:
* a) Direct exporting
* b) Indirect exporting
* c) Licensing
* d) Contract manufacturing
Answer a
More and more salespeople are being evaluated and compensated based on different measures than in the past. All of the following are illustrations of those measures except:
* a) Long-term customer satisfaction
* b) Competitive predatory pricing performance
* c) Full customer service
* d) Retention rates
Answer b
________________ includes practices such as overstating the product’s features or performance, luring the customer to the store for a bargain that is out of stock, or running rigged contests.
* a) Deceptive promotion
* b) Deceptive packaging
* c) Deceptive pricing
* d) Deceptive cost structure
Answer a
The orange juice manufacturers know that orange juice is most often consumed in the mornings. However, they would like to change this and make the drink acceptable during other times during the day. Which form of segmentation would they need to work with and establish strategy reflective of their desires?
* a) Gender segmentation
* b) Benefit segmentation
* c) Occasion segmentation
* d) Age and life-cycle segmentation
Answer c
The typical method of retail operation used by supermarkets and catalog showrooms is called:
* a) Self-service retailing
* b) Limited-service retailing
* c) Full-service retailing
* d) Service-merchandiser
Answer a
A (n) __________________ are computerized collections of information obtained from data sources within the company.
* a) Retrieval systems
* b) Marketing research reports
* c) Flow diagrams and PERT charts
* d) Internal databases
Answer d
The total number of items that the company carries within its product lines refers to the ___________ of the product mix.
* a) Width
* b) Depth
* c) Length
* d) Consistency
Answer c
The use of price points for reference to different levels of quality for a company is related products are typical, of which product-mix pricing strategy
* a) Optional-product pricing
* b) Captive-product pricing
* c) By-product pricing
* d) Product line pricing
Answer d
If a company’s objective were to reach masses of buyers that were geographically dispersed at a low cost per exposure, the company would likely choose which of the following promotion forms.
* a) Advertising
* b) Personal selling
* c) Public relations
* d) Sales promotion
Answer a
Using a successful brand name to introduce additional items in a given product category under the same brand name (such as new flavors, forms, colors, added ingredients, or package sizes) is called a(n):
* a) Line extension
* b) Brand extension
* c) Multi-branding
* d) New brands
Answer a
Successful service companies focus their attention on both their customers and their employees. They understand ___________________, which links service firm profits with employee and customer satisfaction.
* a) Internal marketing
* b) service-profit chains
* c) Interactive marketing
* d) Service differentiation
Answer b
__________________ is quoted as saying that, “everyone lives by selling something.”
* a) Bill Gates
* b) Robert Louis Stevenson
* c) Arthur Miller
* d) Henry Ford
Answer b
Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need is called a(n):
* a) Idea
* b) Demand
* c) Product
* d) Service
Answer c
The type of sales presentation approach that requires good listening and problem-solving skills is the:
* a) Canned approach
* b) Formula approach
* c) Need-satisfaction approach
* d) Critical-thinking approach
Answer c
Yahoo, Info seeks, and Excite are all called:
* a) Browsers
* b) Web casters
* c) Search engines
* d) Software
Answer c
Successful ________________ depends on how well a company blends its people, organizational structure, decision and reward systems, and company culture into a cohesive program that supports its strategies.
* a) Marketing strategy
* b) Marketing control
* c) Marketing analysis
* d) Marketing implementation
Answer d
Wal-Mart owned Sam’s club is an example of a retail form called a(n):
* a) Factory outlet
* b) Super specialty store
* c) Seconds store
* d) Warehouse club
Answer d
______________ is the general term for a buying and selling process that is supported by electronic means.
* a) Internet commerce
* b) Web commerce
* c) Computer commerce
* d) Electronic commerce
Answer d
When a company enters a new product category for which its current brand names are not appropriate, it will likely follow which of the following brand strategies?
* a) Product extensions
* b) Line extensions
* c) Brand extensions
* d) New brands
Answer d
________________ consists of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers; on the basis of needs, characteristics, or behavior, which might require separate products or marketing mixes
* a) Product differentiation
* b) Market segmentation
* c) Market targeting
* d) Market positioning
Answer b
_________________ are ads that appear while subscribers are surfing online services or Web sites, including banners, pop-up windows, “tickers,” and “roadblocks”
* a) Online infomercials
* b) Online ads
* c) Online broadcasts
* d) Online bullets
Answer b
In terms of special product life cycles, a _____________ is a basic and distinctive mode of expression.
* a) Genre
* b) Style
* c) Fashion
* d) Fad
Answer b
_________________ is a principle of enlightened marketing that requires that a company seek real product and marketing improvements.
* a) Innovative marketing
* b) Consumer-oriented marketing
* c) Value marketing
* d) Sense-of-mission marketing
Answer a
Many U.S. firms have sought relief from foreign competition by demanding protectionism policies by the U.S. government. A better way for companies to compete is to expand into foreign markets and:
* a) Lower prices
* b) Increase promotion both at home and abroad
* c) Continuously improve their products at home
* d) Join into cartels at home
Answer c
__________________ is the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter.
* a) Mass marketing
* b) Market segmentation
* c) Market targeting
* d) Market positioning
Answer c
It is a fact that there are 24 million left-handed people in the United States, however, most marketers do not attempt to appeal to or design products for this group because there is little in the way of census data about this group. Therefore, this group fails in one of the requirements for effective segmentation. Which of the following is most likely to apply in this case?
* a) Actionable
* b) Substantial
* c) Differentiable
* d) Measurable
Answer d
The fact that services are sold, produced, and consumed at the same time refers to which of the following service characteristics
* a) Intangibility
* b) Inseparability
* c) Variability
* d) Perishability
Answer b
_______________factors are the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups.
* a) Geographic
* b) Demographic
* c) Psychographic
* d) Behavioral
Answer b
A manufacturer has four sponsorship options. A _________________ is a brand created and owned by a reseller of a product or service.
* a) Licensed brand
* b) Manufacturer’s brand
* c) Private brand
* d) Co-brand
Answer c
When Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods use marketing to promote their careers and improve their impact and incomes, they are using:
* a) Cause-related marketing
* b) Idea marketing
* c) Nonprofit marketing
* d) Person marketing
Answer d
3M runs a Pollution Prevention Pays program that has led to a substantial reduction in pollution and costs. This would be an example of responding to which of the following
* a) Nader’s raiders
* b) The “green movement”
* c) Governmental regulation
* d) International competition
Answer b
When an international seller sells a plant, equipment, or technology to another country and agrees to take payment in the resulting products, it is called:
* a) Barter
* b) buy-back
* c) Counter purchase
* d) Like-value exchange
Answer b
The stage is the product life cycle that focuses on expanding market and creating product awareness and trial is the:
* a) Decline stage
* b) Introduction stage
* c) Growth stage
* d) Maturity stage
Answer b
Which of the following promotional budget methods wrongly views sales as the cause of promotion rather than as the result?
* a) Affordable method
* b) Percentage-of-Sales method
* c) Competitive-parity method
* d) Objective-and-task method
Answer b
If the field sales force has been supplied with new leads (via the telephone) that have been qualified, they have probably been assisted by:
* a) Master salespersons
* b) Sales assistants
* c) Technical support persons
* d) Telemarketers
Answer d
________________ is setting the price steps between various products in a product line, based on cost differences between the products, customer evaluations of different features, and competitors’ prices
* a) Optional-product pricing
* b) Captive-product pricing
* c) Product line pricing
* d) By-product pricing
Answer c
Rolls Royce uses which of the following distribution formats in it.
* a) Intensive distribution
* b) Exclusive distribution
* c) Selective distribution
* d) Open distribution
Answer b
Drop shippers perform which of the following functions
* a) Assumes title and ships coal, lumber, or heavy equipment to a buyer
* b) Stocks the bread rack in a grocery store
* c) Maintains, owns, and stocks a CD display in a grocery store
* d) Sells jewelry out of a catalog
Answer a
A set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user is called a(n):
* a) Retailer
* b) Wholesaler
* c) Distribution channel
* d) Logistics
Answer c
______________beliefs and values are open to some degree of change.
* a) Crucial
* b) Core
* c) Primary
* d) Secondary
Answer d
According to Engel’s law, as income rises:
* a) The percentage spent on food rises.
* b) The percentage spent on housing increases.
* c) The percentage spent on other categories increases.
* d) The percentage spent on savings remains constant.
Answer c
The Wheeler-Lea Act gives the Federal Trade Commission the power to regulate:
* a) Interstate commerce
* b) Marketing ethics
* c) Unfair and deceptive acts or practices
* d) Competitive advertising of objective product benefits
Answer c
In evaluating messages for advertising, telling how the product is better than the competing brands aims at making the ad:
* a) Meaningful
* b) Distinctive
* c) Believable
* d) Remembered
Answer b
When an importing country sets limits on the amount of goods it will accept in certain product categories it is called a(n):
* a) Quota
* b) Barrier
* c) Tariff
* d) Embargo
Answer a
According to the price/quality strategy matrix, when a company overprices its product in relation to its quality it is considered to be using which type of strategy
* a) Good-value strategy
* b) Premium strategy
* c) Overcharging strategy
* d) Snob strategy
Answer c
___________________ is the practice of adopting policies and developing strategies that both sustain the environment and produce profits for the company.
* a) Environmentalism
* b) Environmental sustainability
* c) Consumerism
* d) Consumer accountability
Answer b
A ________________ is a promotion strategy that calls for using the sales force and trade promotion to move the product through channels.
* a) Push strategy
* b) Pull strategy
* c) Blocking strategy
* d) Integrated strategy
Answer a
Consumer goods with unique characteristics or brand identification often requiring a special purchase effort are called:
* a) Custom products
* b) Specialty products
* c) Convenience products
* d) Shopping products
Answer b
Even though buying roles in the family change constantly, the ___________ has traditionally been the main purchasing agent for the family.
* a) Wife
* b) Husband
* c) Teenage children
* d) Grandparent
Answer a
a(n) _______________________ is a retail store that carries a narrow product line with a deep assortment within that line.
* a) Shopping goods store
* b) Convenience store
* c) Specialty store
* d) Department store
Answer c
The purpose of strategic planning is to find ways in which the company can best:
* a) Overcome losses.
* b) Use its strengths to take advantage of attractive opportunities in the environment.
* c) Avoid paying taxes.
* d) Avoid the expense of costly research and development while still getting the benefits.
Answer b
Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of the buyer decision process?
* a) Need recognition
* b) Brand identification
* c) Information search
* d) Purchase decision
Answer b
A _____________ is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction.
* a) Motive
* b) Want
* c) Demand
* d) Requirement
Answer a
If a firm were to bid to do a “turnkey” operation where they would choose a building site, designing a cement factory to build the plant, hire construction crews, assemble materials and equipment to run the new factory, and turn over the finished factory ready to operate to the owners, the firm would be using which of the following?
* a) Core process products selling
* b) Design products selling
* c) Reciprocal selling
* d) Systems selling
Answer d
According to the text, the most dramatic of the environments that affect marketing and appears to be now shaping our world is the ________________ environment.
* a) Natural
* b) Demographic
* c) Economic
* d) Technological
Answer d
The “in” suppliers are most likely to get nervous and feel pressure to put their best foot forward in which of the following types of buying situations
* a) Modified re-buy
* b) New task buying
* c) Straight, re-buy
* d) Indirect re-buy
Answer a
All of the following are ways that marketing plays a key role in the company’s strategic planning except:
* a) Marketing provides a guiding philosophy.
* b) Marketing is the only discipline that can provide a formal structure for the planning effort.
* c) Marketing provides inputs to strategic planners by helping to identify attractive market opportunities.
* d) Within individual business units, marketing designs strategies for reaching the unit’s objectives.
Answer b
Which of the following is foreign owned (even though it is traditionally thought of as a U.S. company)?
* a) IBM
* b) Xerox
* c) Kodak
* d) Universal Studios
Answer d
In an example discussed in your text, Johnson & Johnson’s recall of their Tylenol product following the discovery that several bottles of Tylenol had been laced with cyanide is consistent with which business philosophy
* a) The marketing concept
* b) The product concept
* c) The selling concept
* d) The societal marketing concept
Answer d
_________________ is the step in the selling process in which the salesperson learns as much as possible about a prospective customer before making a sales call.
* a) Prospecting
* b) Pre-approach
* c) Approach
* d) Handling objections
Answer b
A company’s compensation plan should reflect its overall marketing strategy. For example, if the overall strategy is to grow rapidly and gain market share, the compensation plan should reward:
* a) Loyalty and perseverance
* b) Spot selling and old product rejuvenation
* c) High sales performance and encourage capturing new accounts
* d) High pressure situations and competitive reaction
Answer c
Traditionally, companies have defined their businesses in product terms or in technological terms. However, mission statements should be all of the following except:
* a) Market oriented.
* b) A statement of religion
* c) Motivating
* d) Based on distinctive competencies
Answer b
A price reduction to buyers who buy in large volumes is called a(n):
* a) Quantity discount
* b) Cash discount
* c) Seasonal discount
* d) Trade discount
Answer a
R&D and engineering first produce the product concept into a physical product during which of the following stages of the new product development process.
* a) Concept development and testing
* b) Marketing strategy
* c) Business analysis
* d) Product development
Answer d
All of the following are criticisms leveled against marketing by critics except:
* a) Harming consumers through high prices
* b) Harming consumers through deceptive practices
* c) Harming consumers through high-pressure selling
* d) Harming consumers through too many product choices
Answer d
If Toyota describes one of its cars of the future as being “a moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town; the car is ideal for running errands and visiting friends,” then the company has just stated a potential new product in terms of a(n):
* a) Product idea
* b) Product image
* c) Product concept
* d) Product feature
Answer c
The primary reason that many companies work to become the “low-cost producers” in their industry is because:
* a) They can generate more advertising.
* b) They can please top management.
* c) They can gain tax advantages.
* d) They can set lower prices that result in greater sales and profits.
Answer d
Conflicts between different levels of the same channel of distribution are referred to as:
* a) Horizontal conflicts
* b) Vertical conflicts
* c) Layer-based conflicts
* d) Parallel conflicts
Answer b
________________ is a philosophy holding that a company’s marketing should support the best long-run performance of the marketing system.
* a) Enlightened marketing
* b) Myopic marketing
* c) Fundamental marketing
* d) Conceptual marketing
Answer a
A company is practicing ________________ if it focuses on sub segments with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits.
* a) Micromarketing
* b) Niche marketing
* c) Mass marketing
* d) Segment marketing
Answer b
If a consumer describes a car as being the “most economical car on the market,” then this descriptor is a:
* a) Rule
* b) Attitude
* c) Belief
* d) Cue
Answer c
All of the following are commonly recognized promotion budget formats except:
* a) The affordable method
* b) The LIFO method
* c) The percentage-of-sales method
* d) The objective-and-task method
Answer b
When a company reviews sales, costs, and profit projections for a new product to find out whether these factors satisfy the company’s objectives. They are in which of the following, new process of development stages?
* a) Concept development and testing
* b) Commercialization
* c) Business analysis
* d) Marketing strategy development
Answer c
_______________ is a strategy of using a successful brand name to launch a new or modified product in a new category.
* a) Duo-branding
* b) Line extension
* c) Brand extension
* d) Multi-branding
Answer c
The fact that services cannot be stored for later use or sale is evidence of their:
* a) Intangibility
* b) Inseparability
* c) Variability
* d) Perishability
Answer d
_________________ is the concept under which a company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products
* a) The promotion mix
* b) Integrated international affairs
* c) Integrated marketing communications
* d) Integrated demand characteristics
Answer c
Catalog marketing is big business in the United States. The average household receives ______________ catalogs per year.
* a) 25
* b) 50
* c) 75
* d) 100
Answer b
A company faces several major decisions in international marketing. The first of these decisions is often:
* a) Deciding whether to go international
* b) Looking at the global marketing environment
* c) Deciding which markets to enter
* d) Deciding how to enter markets
Answer b
A ____________________ is the way consumers perceive an actual or potential product.
* a) Product idea
* b) Product image
* c) Product concept
* d) Product feature
Answer b
The American Marketing Association suggests a list of code of ethics. All of the following are ethics suggested in the area of distribution except:
* a) Not manipulating the availability of a product for purpose of exploitation
* b) Not using coercion in the marketing channel
* c) Using gray marketers whenever possible to save the consumer money
* d) Not exerting undue influence over the reseller’s choice to handle a product
Answer c
Given recent information about growth trends and growth potential of ethnic populations within the U.S. market, which of the following ethnic groups would be a best bet to double during the next half century and become one of the U.S. market’s most viable segments
* a) Hispanics and Asians
* b) African Americans
* c) Western Europeans
* d) Middle Eastern
Answer a
All of the following are methods by which a company can divide its sales responsibilities except:
* a) Territorial sales force structure.
* b) Pychographic trait sales force structure.
* c) Product sales force structure.
* d) Customer sales force structure.
Answer b
If your company were to make a product such as a suit of clothes and sold that product to a retailer, your company would have sold to the ___________ market.
* a) Reseller
* b) Business
* c) Government
* d) Service
Answer a
The course of a product’s sales and profits over its lifetime is called:
* a) The sales chart
* b) The dynamic growth curve
* c) The adoption cycle
* d) The product life cycle
Answer d
The type of trade-promotion discount in which manufacturers agree to reduce the price to the retailer in exchange for the retailer’s agreement to feature the manufacturer’s products in some way is called a(n):
* a) Discount
* b) Allowance
* c) Premium
* d) Rebate
Answer b
The most logical budget setting method is found in the list below. Which is it?
* a) Affordable method
* b) Percentage-of-Sales method
* c) Competitive-parity method
* d) Objective-and-task method
Answer d
The place in the business buying behavior model where interpersonal and individual influences might interact is called the:
* a) Environment
* b) Response
* c) Stimuli
* d) Buying center
Answer d
When producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system, they comprise a:
* a) Conventional marketing system
* b) Power-based marketing system
* c) Horizontal marketing system
* d) Vertical marketing system
Answer d
One common misuse of marketing research findings in contemporary business is the tendency for marketing research to:
* a) Become a vehicle for pitching the sponsor’s products.
* b) Become a vehicle for discriminating in the marketplace.
* c) Become a means for raising prices.
* d) Become a means for unfair competition.
Answer a
______________ is a person’s distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and lasting responses to his or her own environment.
* a) Psychographics
* b) Personality
* c) Demographics
* d) Lifestyle
Answer b
________________ has the advantage of being high in selectivity; low cost; immediacy; and interactive capabilities.
* a) Direct Mail
* b) Outdoor
* c) Online
* d) Radio
Answer c
The choice between high markups and high volume is part of which of the following retailer marketing decisions
* a) Target market decisions
* b) Product assortment and services decisions
* c) Pricing decisions
* d) Promotion decisions
Answer c
If an advertiser wants flexibility, timeliness, good local market coverage, broad acceptability, and high believability, the advertiser will probably choose which of the following mass media types
* a) Newspapers
* b) Television
* c) Direct Mail
* d) Radio
Answer a
If your company were to make light bulbs to be used in photocopiers, you would most likely be selling to a ________________ market.
* a) Reseller
* b) Business
* c) Government
* d) Service
Answer b
If a government uses barriers to foreign products such as biases against a foreign company’s bids, or product standards that go against a foreign company’s product features, the government is using:
* a) Protectionism
* b) Exchange controls
* c) Exchange facilitators
* d) Non-tariff trade barriers
Answer d
a(n) _______________ is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these that identifies the maker or seller of a product or service.
* a) Product feature
* b) Sponsorship
* c) Brand
* d) Logo
Answer c
All of the following factors can affect the attractiveness of a market segment except:
* a) The presence of many strong and aggressive competitors
* b) The likelihood of government monitoring
* c) Actual or potential substitute products
* d) The power of buyers in the segment
Answer b
A _______________ is any activity or benefit offered for sale that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything.
* a) Demand
* b) Basic staple
* c) Product
* d) Service
Answer d
If Mark Mars pays Hershey Foods Corporation for the right to use their name on his line of T-shirts, then Mr. Mars is using which type of branding
* a) Licensed brand
* b) Manufacturer’s brand
* c) Private brand
* d) Co-brand
Answer a
When personal interviewing involves inviting six to ten people to gather for a few hours with a trained interviewer to talk about a product, service, or organization, the method is called:
* a) Selective sponsorship
* b) Probing
* c) Focus group interviewing
* d) The Delphi method
Answer c
The _______________ holds that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable (therefore, work on improving production and distribution efficiency).
* a) Product concept
* b) Production concept
* c) Production cost expansion concept
* d) Marketing concept
Answer b
If advertising constantly sends out messages about materialism, sex, power, and status, which of the following categories of social criticism most closely matches this problem
* a) Too much advertising
* b) Too few social goods
* c) Cultural pollution
* d) Too much political power
Answer c
A company is in the ______________ stage of the new product development process when the company develops the product concept into a physical product in order to assure that the product idea can be turned into a workable product.
* a) Product development
* b) Commercialization
* c) Marketing strategy
* d) Business analysis
Answer a
The shrinking of distances due to technological advances such as computer and fax connections by telephone, are one characteristic of what new challenge to marketing?
* a) Rapid globalization
* b) The changing world economy
* c) The call for more socially responsible marketing
* d) The microchip revolution
Answer a
Joining with foreign companies to produce or market products and services is called:
* a) Direct exporting
* b) Indirect exporting
* c) Licensing
* d) Joint venturing
Answer d
The major advantage of survey research is its:
* a) Simplicity
* b) Structure
* c) Organization
* d) Flexibility
Answer d
The type of sales force structure in which the sales force sells along product lines is called a:
* a) Territorial sales force.
* b) Product sales force.
* c) Customer sales force.
* d) Retail sales force.
Answer b
A “three-day cooling off period” in which buyers can cancel a contract after re-thinking it is to protect the consumer from which of the below:
* a) Creative selling
* b) High pressure selling
* c) Detail selling
* d) Hard core selling
Answer b
The practice of going after a large share of a smaller market or subsets of a few markets is called:
* a) Undifferentiated marketing
* b) Differentiated marketing
* c) Concentrated marketing
* d) Turbo marketing
Answer c
When Coca-Cola and Nestle formed a joint venture to market a ready-to-drink coffee and tea worldwide, the type of marketing system that was formed would best be described as being a(n):
* a) Vertical marketing system
* b) Parallel marketing system
* c) Diversified marketing system
* d) Horizontal marketing system
Answer d
________________ is screening new-product ideas in order to spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible.
* a) Idea generation
* b) Concept development and testing
* c) Idea screening
* d) Brainstorming
Answer c
When a marketing research organization chooses a segment of the population that represents the population as a whole, they have chosen a _______________.
* a) Group
* b) Bi-variant population
* c) Sample
* d) Market target
Answer c
The goal of the marketing logistics system should be to provide:
* a) A targeted level of promotional support
* b) A targeted level of customer service at the least cost
* c) A targeted level of transportation expense ratio
* d) A targeted level of field support
Answer b
Setting the promotion budget to match the budgets of the competition is characteristic of which of the following budget methods
* a) Affordable method
* b) Percentage-of-Sales method
* c) Competitive-parity method
* d) Objective-and-task method
Answer c
If a company (considering its options on the product/market expansion grid) chooses to move into different unrelated fields (from what it has ever done before) with new products as a means to stimulate growth, the company would be following which of the following general strategies
* a) Market penetration
* b) Market development
* c) Product development
* d) Diversification
Answer d
Technological advances, shifts in consumer tastes, and increased competition, all of which reduce demand for a product are typical of which stage in the PLC.
* a) Decline stage
* b) Introduction stage
* c) Growth stage
* d) Maturity stage
Answer a
If Honda uses its company name to cover such different products as its automobiles, lawn mowers, and motorcycles, it is practicing which of the following strategies?
* a) New brand strategy
* b) Line extension strategy
* c) Multi-brand strategy
* d) Brand extension strategy
Answer d
The process that turns marketing strategies and plans into marketing actions in order to accomplish strategic marketing objectives is called:
* a) Marketing strategy
* b) Marketing control
* c) Marketing analysis
* d) Marketing implementation
Answer d
Each salesperson is assigned to an exclusive area in which to sell the company’s full line of products or services in which type of sales force structure
* a) Territorial sales force.
* b) Product sales force.
* c) Customer sales force.
* d) Hybrid sales force.
Answer a
The last stage in the selling process is the ________________ stage.
* a) Approach
* b) Handling objections
* c) Closing
* d) Follow-up
Answer d
In 1985, the Coca-Cola Company made a classic marketing blunder with its deletion of its popular Coca-Cola product and introduction of what it called New Coke. Analysts now believe that most of the company’s problems resulted from poor marketing research. As the public demanded their “old Coke” back, the company relented and reintroduced Coca-Cola Classic (which has regained and surpassed its former position) while New Coke owns only 0.1 percent of the market. Which of the following marketing research mistakes did Coca-Cola make?
* a) They did not investigate pricing correctly and priced the product too high.
* b) They did not investigate dealer reaction and had inadequate distribution.
* c) They defined their marketing research problem too narrowly.
* d) They failed to account for the Pepsi Challenge taste test in their marketing efforts.
Answer c
Costs that do not vary with production or sales levels are called:
* a) Fixed costs
* b) Variable costs
* c) Standard costs
* d) Independent costs
Answer a
All of the following are thought to be sources of new product ideas except:
* a) Internal sources
* b) Customers
* c) Competitors
* d) The local library
Answer d
Today, advertising captures about ____ percent of total promotion spending.
* a) 15
* b) 23
* c) 29
* d) 33
Answer b
The first modern environmental movement in the United States began in the:
* a) 1940s
* b) 1950s
* c) 1960s and 1970s
* d) mid-1980s
Answer c
One of the most common problems with using internal database information is that:
* a) Since it was probably collected for some other purpose, it may be incomplete or wrong.
* b) It is usually expensive to retrieve.
* c) Top executives are usually unwilling to relinquish data; therefore, the data has limits.
* d) The data is usually unsecured and, therefore, suspect as to reliability.
Answer d
Regulations that arise to ensure that firms take responsibility for the social costs of their products or production processes stem from which reason for government legislation of business
* a) To protect companies from each other
* b) To protect consumers from unfair business practices
* c) To protect the interests of society
* d) To protect businesses from unfair consumer demands
Answer a
The advantages of audience selectivity, no ad competition, and personalization apply to which type of media
* a) Newspapers
* b) Television
* c) Direct Mail
* d) Radio
Answer c
One of the most promising developments in multivariable segmentation is called _________________ where a host of demographic and socioeconomic factors is used
* a) Terragraphic segmentation
* b) Fermagraphic segmentation
* c) Geothermy segmentation
* d) Geodemographic segmentation
Answer c
When companies make marketing decisions by considering consumers’ wants and the long-run interests of the company, consumer, and the general population, they are practicing which of the following principles
* a) Innovative marketing
* b) Consumer-oriented marketing
* c) Value marketing
* d) Societal marketing
Answer d
The study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation, and other statistics is called:
* a) Geothermy
* b) Demography
* c) Ethnography
* d) Hemos-popography
Answer b
Marketers are sometimes accused of deceptive practices that lead consumers to believe they will get more value than they actually do. ______________ includes practices such as falsely advertising “factory” or “wholesale” prices or a large price reduction from a phony high retail price.
* a) Deceptive promotion
* b) Deceptive packaging
* c) Deceptive pricing
* d) Deceptive cost structure
Answer c
Human Resource Interview Question and Answers
What is performance management?
Performance management is a system by which we should recognize and utilize the employee’s skill, efficiency and as well as identifying his/her drawbacks, negative points and try to remove those.
How do you endow with Performance Appraisal?
There are many ways to do Performance Appraisal:
1. 90-degree appraisal– Where the performance feedback is taken only from the Supervisor
2. 180-degree appraisal- Where the performance feedback is taken from the peers
3. 360-degree appraisal- Where the performance feedback is taken from the supervisor the subordinates, the peers, and the self-appraiser.
What is the difference between recruitment and selection?
Selection is selecting a candidate without conducting any technical test. Selection is based only on personal interview.Recruitment is a process of selecting an employee through a chain of processes (Aptitude Test / Technical Test >> Personal Interview >> Technical Interview >> HR Interview >> Finalizing the Offer)
What is the difference between Recruitment and Selection?
Recruitment refers to the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for the job in the organization.The selection procedure is the system of functions and devices adopted in a company to ascertain whether the candidate s specifications are matched with the job specifications and requirements or not.
What are the responsibilities of HR Generalist?
The responsibilities are Induction Training Program, MIS Report Generation, Payroll Calculation, Admin and Personnel work, Performance Rating, etc…
Let us assume you are a HR of an organization. If an employee approaches you for a half a day leave (saying Doctor’s Appointment), and if you are aware that he has planned for an interview, how will you deal with situation? Will you sanction the leave at this instance?
There is no point to react and act on this situation. If the employee is eligible for leave even though the reason is false information, as per a professional we have to approve his leave.It does not matter, how many days the leave is requested by employee. If the works allotted to the concerned person is handed over or shared with back-up person in due time and there is no urgent work is pending. The leave can be sanctioned without any more hesitation.
What is the relation between Fun and work? What do you think is most important for the growth of the company?
I describe it as ‘FUN In Work’, i.e. how much you enjoy in doing your work or task at your work place and this is most important. and then you can achieve Fun @ work as well in its real sense.
Describe job description and Job Analysis.
Job Analysis refers to the process of determining and reporting pertinent information relating to the nature of a specific job. It is the determination of tasks that comprise the job and the skills, knowledge, abilities, and responsibilities required of the worker, which differentiates one job from the other. Job description is an organized factual statement of the duties and responsibilities of a specific job.
What is the difference between Job role and job profile.
Job role defines your exact position in a company like Manager, HR, and Job profile explains different responsibilities, which you have in a company.
When you reverse the digits of age of father, you will get the age of the son. One year ago the age of father was twice that of son’s age. What are the current ages of father and son? Choose the one from the options given below.
1. 73 and 37
2. 24 and 42
3. 31 and 13
4. 45 and 54
First option is the answer of this question i.e. 73 and 37.
What are your pet peeves?
Overflowing paper trays on employee’s desks, this is a clear indicator either a performance gap problem where the employee should have his/her duties performance measured to address the gap or it could indicate a work overload where the employee has been allocated too many duties for him/her to realistically perform in the course of the day/week/year.
What is your future Plans for the Company if Permanently Employed?
First, I want to be expertise in my field within 1 1/2 yrs. Then I will be in next level in this organization, which gives innovations and more responsibility.
Why did you choose HR? Why do want to make your career in HR?
HR- Human Resources
To be a good HR person we need to have excellent interpersonal skills, good friendly attitude, decision-making skills etc.
HR is the backbone in an organization. Right from recruiting the suitable candidate to training and then performance appraisal, compensation, until exit interview, all these steps involves an HR.Therefore, if you want to be a soul of an organization not just a part of it, you should be an HR.
What would you do for the growth of this company?
If I have skill/sort of experience on a job then definitely, I will implement innovative ideas for the growth of a company as well as will update my skill set with innovative ideas.
How will you think if we do not hire you?
Well, your current position will remain open and you have to interview at least one more person. It may be difficult for you to find a more dedicated and knowledgeable person than me.I have to continue my search for excellent and best company where I can get challenging and rewarding work experience. I thought we had win-win situation.
What is Crop2crop recruitment? What is the difference between US recruitment and Indian recruitment? What is W2W?
Contract – Corp to Crop: This means that you have your own company and Client Company will make payments to your company for the work you do.They will pay a flat rate, such as $50/year. In addition, you would be paid from your company either as 1099 or W2 as described below.
Contract – Independent Client Company will directly pay you on hourly basis. They will give you 1099 at the end of the year for the money they paid. You are working as a contractor. They will pay a flat rate, such as $50/year and you are responsible to pay all your taxes such as social security tax, Medicare tax (employee and employer portions.)
Contract – W2. In this instance, you are an employee of the company and you will get salary. Additionally, you may get health insurance, holidays, vacation and other benefits.
You are a team member of a 5-group team. Your best friend is your team leader. You are provided with a project and you should submit in 30 days. Every alternate day after the project is started your team leader goes to client and comes up with the changes to be made. 10 days completed and there is no progress in the project. How do you handle this situation and tell your friend i.e., the team leader?
Use my friendship relations to politely tell and take my project leader into confidence about the way the project is going ahead. Sit, discuss with him and clearly re-draw the road map on how to proceed further. If the project has genuine hurdles (not anticipated) and going ahead will incur losses more than what has been spent so far, take a decision to abandon.
Why did you take HR as a specialization?
I am a person who enjoys interacting with different levels of people. I believe l this is a basic requisite for any HR Personnel.
In addition, I believe I can excel even in people management and hence HR is the right field where I can utilize my skills.
“Customer is a key, or key is a customer,” Describe and express your opinion?
Customer is important for any organization because without them no business is possible.
Key is customer because they contribute in business by word of publicity. If they are satisfied, they spread their experience and this may increase the customers. In case, if they are not satisfied, we may lose customers.
What is Employee Retention?
Keeping your key, quality employees happily so that, the company would not lose them to the peer, competitive companies.
What is the procedure to write a CV and resume? What is the difference between them?
A resume is a one or two page summary of your skills, experience, and education. A Curriculum vita includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations and other details. In Europe, the Middle East, Africa, or Asia, employers expect to receive curriculum vitae.
In the United States, curriculum vitae are used primarily when applying for academic, education, scientific or research positions. It is also applicable when applying for fellowships or grants.
Why should we not hire you?
You can hire some other person if you find any candidate better than me.
What should be the answer for why did you choose and pursue carrier in only hr in an interview?
I am interested in People. So I chose HR which is it people management.
How do you organize your priorities?
I will give more priority to that object which is very important
Priorities:
1. Critical (Very Important)
2. High (Very Important)
3. Medium (Important)
4. Low (Important but we can ignore for a while)
What is management interview?
It is the interview by a manager / Group head / Managing Director / Vice President of an organization. This will often be a 5-10 minutes session where you might have to talk about you and the skills you posses.
What is ergonomics?
The branch of engineering science in which we study the relation between workers and their environments
In what aspects do you think you would do well at this job?
Because of my consistency of good track record, Inquisitiveness to learn new and quick adaptability for change and finally the support and cooperation required by my team members.
What is more important to you: the money or the work?
Money and work both are like siblings. However, I believe that when you work hard, you could earn more. Therefore, work is more important than money. It is the hard work that can help you put another feather in your success cap.
What are your Positives expressed by your ex-supervisor?
Interpersonal Confidence Development, Commitment, Dedication, Diplomatic Decisions, Humane Consideration and Pro-Vision
What is your ability to work under pressure?
I have always enjoyed working under pressure. It is like a tonic, which boosts me, but I always keep it under control so it does not take a toll on me.
Do your skills match this job?
Yes. In additions, I would try to utilize my skills according to the job given to me.
Are you willing to work overtime, Nights and Weekends?
I have definite plans and I move forward accordingly in a systematic way. In case I am behind schedule, I am ready to work overnight and make sure I complete it in time.
Are you willing to show interest towards the organization ahead of your own?
Yes, but in return I would expect the organization to take care of my needs as an individual.
Describe your management style.
1. To be sincere and honest at work.
2. Not to involve in subordinate’s personal matters.
3. To provide a friendly environment (Prioritizing the work)
What have you learned from mistakes on the job?
Making mistakes is of human nature but feeling guilty of the mistake or feeling sorry will be the waste of time. Hence I was advised by my supervisor that we need to learn from the mistakes and do not repeat it. Therefore, I realize my mistake and I do not repeat them.
Do you have any blind spots?
I would say everyone has blind spots, and I would too. Hence, I believe in teamwork, because when you are a part of a team, you can point out other people’s blind spots and they will do the same for you.
Do not be too specific of your actual weakness. Instead, try to bring out that you are very team oriented.
If you were hiring a person for this job, what would you look for?
In my point of view, I would recommend the following things:
* Required skills for the role
* Team player
* Pro-activeness
* Loyalty to the work
What qualities do you look for in a boss?
The main thing that I feel is at no point of time; I should feel like I have nothing to learn from him (either professionally or personally).
What position do you prefer on a team working on a project?
It depends on situation, as I am being fresher for the job so I would like to join as fresher for the project.
If you have, any prior experience for the particular job you need to express them because it is very important for you as nobody wants to work under his/her capabilities and you will not be able to give best of yours.
Describe your work ethic.
Work should give satisfaction to the people. If the person is satisfied with the work, he can perform more, it reflects in the growth of the organization as well as individuals.
What do co-workers say about you?
My co-workers always admit that I am good team player by providing suitable advices at the right time. They also add that I have a balance between good stress and bad stress.
Are you applying for other jobs?
Of course, I am. I am looking for the best place to apply my abilities, and so far, this place looks excellent.
Side note – if you sent the resume, rather than went on a recommendation from a friend, it would be obvious you sent it to other places as well.
Do you know anyone who works for us?
If this question is for reference/favor, I say NO.
If it is for records/formalities, I say YES.
Are you a team player?
While answering this question, try to keep yourself on both sides. For example, if the interviewer asks if you prefer to work alone or on a team, he may be trying to get you to say you are one way or the other. However, you do not have to play this game. The reality is that most jobs require us to work both independently and in teams. Your response to this question should show that you have been successful in both situations
How long would you expect to work for us if hired?
I will be satisfied until the time I am able to learn and contribute and my contribution’s are recognized
Have you ever had to fire anyone? How did you feel about that?
“So with me, firing is a last resort. However, when it has to be done, it has to be done. A poor employee can wreak terrible damage in undermining the morale of an entire team of good people. When there’s no other way, I’ve found its better for all concerned to act decisively in getting rid of offenders who won’t change their ways.”
What is your philosophy towards work?
The answer should be positive attitude towards your work, you want to work with your other teammates, help them in their work, and take help from them. That is the policy that should be there and that would give the company more profit  What kind of person would you refuse to work with?
Well, I am a person, who can work with all kinds of people. However, I feel bit uncomfortable to work with selfish people and who are ingratitude in nature.
How can you create new objects in org. mgmt?
To create a new object go to OM -> Basic Settings -> Data Model enhancement – > Create Objects their relationship and TC.
Can you assign a job to another job, and a position to another position? Explain.
We have to assign Position to Job. Because Job is General (E.g. Manager) and Position is Specific (Manager -Hr).
What is meant by an enterprise structure? (I said it comprises of Company code, Personnel Area, and Personnel Sub area, but the panelist says, he is not satisfied with the answers. Do I need to add anything else to this answer?)
You have to explain the full concept of Enterprise Structure, how it is related to Employee Structure, where we assign this to Employees, and for what purpose we define the ENT structure.
How many Company codes can you assign to a personnel area? How many persons and areas can be assigned to a company code? Explain.
Company Code can contain any number of PA, but one PA must contain One Company Code. Because Co Code is the legal entity of the company, using which the FI people draw various statements like BS, PL account.
What is the IT to store educational establishment types? Why do you need them? Do educational certificates and branches of studies come under the same IT?
IT0022. It is useful to maintain the educational details of the employee.
What are dynamic actions? Where do you configure them?
Dynamic Actions are automatically triggered by the system when it meets certain actions. E.g. If you enter number of Child as 2 in IT0002, the system atomically triggers the IT0021, subtypes Child to enter the details. Otherwise, it will not trigger the IT0021, if you did not mention any value in number of child in IT0002. Same like that we can configure Dynamic Actions depends on our need using the path IMG->PM->PA-> Customizing Procedure -> Dyn Action or by using Table T588Z.
What is meant by work schedule rules?
WSR is used to define your WS for a defined period. It Comprises your EE Subgroup, PWS, and HC. We can default the WSR using the Feature SCHKZ for your grouping.
What is meant by counting classes?
Counting Classes are used to define your various Counting rules for you are A/A types.
What is the feature used to create a personnel number? How do you create a personnel no.?
1. NUMKR
2. Using the Tcode PA40.
What are the features connected to Organizational Assignment?
ABKRS, VDSK1, PINCH.
What is the use of the feature IGMOD?
It is used to define your Info group.
What is meant by valuating of base wage types?
Used to valuate your WT, if it depends on some percentage of other WT. Say HRA is some 20% of Basic.
What do day types mean?
Day types used to determine the particular day is payment relevant or not. 0 – Work/Paid, 1 – Time Off/Paid, 2 – Time Off/Unpaid, 3 – Time Off/Special.
What is meant by Applicant Status and what are the reasons? Why do you need them?
Applicant Status denotes the Status of the Applicant, say Screening, On Process, on hold, Rejection and we have to define various reasons for each Status.
In which IT do you assign an applicant to a vacancy? Where do you assign that status?
Status. We can assign using the TCode PB40.
How do applicant actions differ from applicant activities?
Applicant Actions can be same as above, like Rejected, on hold, on process. Activities can be all the various activities perform for each activity for the Applicant.
What are the ways to transfer applicant data?
Using PBA7 and PBA8
What is the difference between pre-booking and booking?
Booking is the actual booking of Attendee for an event; Pre-booking is used to check whether the Attendee already booked for the event.
Tell something about the IT Payroll Status .
IT0003 is used to define the current payroll status of the employee like released, exit etc. We can lock the personnel number using the IT0003.
BPO Interview Question and Answers
What is ideal debt-equity ratio?
Debt-equity ratio is the ratio of debt and equity in the company lower ratio will be overcapitalization and higher ratio shows undercapitalization.
What is the finalization of balance sheet and how it can be made?
Finalization of balance sheet is to prepare the summary of Accounts after all adjustments & provisions like depreciation of fixed assets, provision for doubtful debts, provision for deferred tax liabilities/ assets, provision for various taxes etc. It is prepared as per standard Format:
M/s ……………..
Balance Sheet
(For the Year ending as on…..200…)
____________________________________________________________
Liabilities |Amt. | Assets | Amt.
_____________________|_____|_________________________|______
Capital | | Fixed Assets |
Loans and advances | | Current Assets |
Reserves & Provision | | Preliminary exp. |
Current Liabilities | | |
_____________________|_____|_________________________|______
_______________Total_|_____|___________________Total_|____
How you calculate FBT?
FBT calculate on the expense which are incurred by the company in the financial year and the rate of FBT are varies from expenses to expenses like
1. Traveling Exp – 5%
2. Gift – 50%
3. Conveyance – 20%
What are derivatives, equities, and mutual fund?
Derivatives:
Financial contracts that derive their value from other underlying instruments. The Province uses derivatives including swaps, forward foreign exchange contracts, forward rate agreements, futures and options to hedge and minimize interest costs.
Or
A derivative is a synthetic construction designed to give the same profile of returns as some underlying investment or transaction, without requiring the principal cash outlay. They are called derivatives because they derive their value from the performance of the underlying instrument. Financial derivatives can be found in debt, equity, currency and commodity markets.
Equity:
Equity is simply the amount of ownership value a homeowner has in the property. Equity is computed by subtracting the total of the unpaid mortgage balance and any outstanding liens or other debts against the property from the property’s fair market value. A homeowner’s equity increases as he or she pays off the principal balance of the mortgage and/or as the property appreciates in value. When a mortgage and all other debts against the property are paid in full, the homeowner has 100 percent equity in the property.
Mutual Fund:
Types of investment funds that raise money from shareholders to invest in a group of assets such as equities, fixed income, and money market funds. Mutual Funds may often have a minimum investment amount and a series of fees associated with them.
What is for call centre what is voice and non voice and what is the eligibility for this job?
Call centre is nothing but customer service provider. Voice based means to interact the customer with our voice we communicate explain various features of the product. Non-voice we interact some customer through the internet if we are given the quires through the mail in the non-voice customer care executive typing accuracy was necessary.
What do you mean by the customer care?
Customer Care means taking complete care of the Person who visits your shop or Business Place and give me the complete information as well tell the feature of that particular product or service. And also make him feel comfortable by your personal visit and let him go out with full satisfaction from your place.
How can you attractive of customer as a customer care executive?
It is easy to attract with customer by just getting friendly and answering their queries in a very polite manner.
How many times does the minute hand meet the hour hand in a day?
24 times
Finance Interview Question and Answers
Why depreciation is not charged on land?
Land does not get depreciated. The reason being that, the depreciation is supposed to be the reduction in value of an asset because of –
a) Usage, b) extraction c) Obsolesce etc.
Either the capital asset is used and can no more provide as much level of output or some asset from which minerals, coal etc are extracted are getting exhausted or some technology etc are getting obsolete so they are depreciated.
Land is not subject to either of the things. The market value of the land may go down because of seasonal reasons, but land cannot get depreciated
Rates and Ratios are often interpreted as same. Differentiate between the two giving at least two examples?
Rates and ratios have utterly different meanings.
Rates may mean the charges per unit, while ratios mean the ratio of one variable to other.
Rates are expenses which are debited to profit and loss account while ratios are used in interpreting business efficiency. Ratios are income or expenses.
Examples of rates: Depreciation (charged at particular rate), machine operator charges (if based on output), rent and rates (if based on usage of land/plant) etc
Examples of ratios: Ratios are classified in 5 categories.
a. Liquidity
b. Leverage
c. Profitability
d. Turnover
e. valuation
Liquidity ratios: Current Asset Ratio and Quick Ratio
current asset ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio= Current Assets-Bank Overdraft/Current Liabilities
Leverage ratios: Leverage means risk so the ratios which measure operational or financial risk are leverage ratios
Debt Equity ratio = Total debt / Total equity
Interest coverage ratio = Interest on loan payable / net profit
When can costs subsequent to acquisition of Property Plant and equipment are capitalized?
When any fixed asset is purchased then all costs related to installation of the machinery and repair (only major repair) is capitalized.
There can be quite number of expenses associated with the asset which are of revenue type expenses. They would be incurred as and when production starts.
Examples of revenue expenses are:
a. oiling
b. cleaning
c. painting that part which gets eroded with use
d. changing spare parts which need replacement after specific hours of use etc.
The above expenses are not capitalized. They are debited to profit and loss account.
While all other type of expenses which are incurred very infrequently are capitalized.
Differeciate between Cost Accounting and Management Accounting.
Cost accounting is related only to the cost factors. And management accounting is related to the managerial decision making based on accounting details.
Cost accounting include:
Cost Sheet,
Variance Analysis,
Standard costing,
Cost Budget,
Reconciliation between cost profit/loss and accounting profit/loss,
Job costing,
Contract costing,
Batch costing,
etc.
While management accounting include:
funds flow statement,
cash flow statement,
ratio analysis,
capital budgeting,
working capital management,
budgeting,
dividend policy,
project selection,
NPV/IRR,
etc.
This is for any of you who have worked in a role of BA Hedge Accounting. I need to get an idea of your role in that position. Who are the stakeholders? Do you need to have an in depth knowledge of derivative products?
Even I want to work as Business Analyst. I am looking for BA position. As far as derivatives are concerned they are very simple to study. Obtaining in-depth knowledge of derivatives is not much difficult.
What is contribution margin and how it is calculated?
Contribution is the difference of Revenue over variable costs. Contribution Margin higher than fixed costs will result into profits. Any increase in revenue will earn higher profits as fixed costs will remain same.
Explain what is money market?
It’s a Global financial market for short term borrowing and lending. The money market is where short-term obligations such as treasury bills, commercial paper and banker’s acceptances are bought and sold.
What is the importance of the profit and loss account? What is the most important item of the P&L A/C?
A company’s profit and loss account shows revenue, expenditure and the profit and/or loss resulting from operations for a given ‘financial year’. So it is necessary for the company to know the profit and loss after deducting / adding all direct and indirect expenses or income.
What is meaning of Stale Cheque?
If the cheque dates is older than the six month to current date that is called Stale Cheque. This is not a valid cheque and banker will not accept.
For Ex: Current date 05-Jun-2008 if cheque date is 4-Dec-2007 or before cheque will be stale.
What is miscellaneous expenses & why they carry forward every year?
Miscellaneous expenses are the petty expenses, which every business incurs in their day to day transaction, these could be refreshment expenses, conveyance, postage etc. for accounting these expenses are generally debited to single account i.e. miscellaneous or sundry expenses account which record all these petty expenses.
Prepaid expenses are those expenses which are paid in advance for e.g. rent paid for factory for next 5 years or insurance, that’ these are carry forward every year.
What is the difference between financial account and financial statement?
Financial Account is an Individual ledger of an account (Ex: Sales A/c, Purchase A/c, Vendor A/c, Customer A/c), whereas Financial Statement is a final picture of an organization like Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
Why always Liabilities are on left side and Assets on right side in Balance Sheet?
Should the Cash Discounts GL hit the Balance Sheet in SAP from US concept. If yes then why? Or If No, they why? Please explain how the entry flows and also how would you clear the Open item in cash discount GL and analyze the reason for the same.
Why do we prepare Trail Balance?
Trial balance will show Net balances of all accounts irrespective of nature of account such as Assets, Liabilities, Income and Expenses. Once the Credit and Debit balances of a Trial Balance will tally then only we can proceed for Profit & Loss A/c and Balance Sheet.
Which items belong in income statement and do not belong in balance sheet statement?
All the expenses, incomes and COGS are in the income statement.
How do you calculate sensex points?
SENSEX is calculated using the “Free-float Market Capitalization” methodology. As per this methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the Free-float market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalization of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by the company. This market capitalization is further multiplied by the free-float factor to determine the free-float market capitalization.
The base period of SENSEX is 1978-79 and the base value is 100 index points. This is often indicated by the notation 1978-79=100. The calculation of SENSEX involves dividing the Free-float market capitalization of 30 companies in the Index by a number called the Index Divisor. The Divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the SENSEX. It keeps the Index comparable over time and is the adjustment point for all Index adjustments arising out of corporate actions, replacement of scripts etc. During market hours, prices of the index scripts, at which latest trades are executed, are used by the trading system to calculate SENSEX every 15 seconds and disseminated in real time
What is meant by reserves?
Reserve is nothing but money keeping a side for future expenses/payments i.e. unknown expenses
Explain Inter-Company Account.
Inter Company means two or more Companies less than one Group Company. For Example Reliance have different companies like Mobiles, Oil products, malls, telecom, etc., all these companies called Reliance Group. If the same Vendor is supplying material to all companies we can make the payment from one company code that is called Inter Company Account.
How do you prepare MIS Report?
That depends on management requirement…..what ever the management asks we have to present that report.
What is the difference between Traveling and Conveyance?
Traveling means going from one place to another place where as conveyance means arranging a vehicle for transportation purpose.
What are the objectives of Accounting?
There are two main objectives of accounting:
1. to ascertain the profit or loss earned by the firm
2. To know the financial position of the firm
What is Amortization?
1. the paying off of debt in regular installments over a period of time.
2. The deduction of capital expenses over a specific period of time (usually over the asset’s life). More specifically, this method measures the consumption of the value of intangible assets, such as a patent or a copyright.
3. Suppose XYZ Biotech spent $30 million dollars on a piece of medical equipment and that the patent on the equipment lasts 15 years, this would mean that $2 million would be recorded each year as an amortization expense.
While amortization and depreciation are often used interchangeably, technically this is an incorrect practice because amortization refers to intangible assets and depreciation refers to tangible assets.
What is meant by Bridge Loan?
Bridge loans are an effective vehicle to immediately capitalize on a purchase opportunity. It is a form of short-term financing which is expected to be paid back – generally within the range of 6 to 36 months – once the borrower obtains more permanent, lower cost financing. Bridge loans in corporate finance are sometimes called “gap financing”, and used to cover the time between redemption of one bond issue and its replacement by a new issue. They can also be operating loans for periods between LOI and acquisition, or quiet period and IPO.
What is minority interest?
Firstly we have to understand the meaning of Holding company &Subsidiary company.
Holding Company is that Company who holds majority (51%of share) or more than that of another Company is called as Holding company. And the company the shares of which are held is called Subsidiary Company.
Holding company may not purchase all the shares of it’s Subsidiary company when some of the shares of the Subsidiary company are held by outsider’s the interest of that Subsidiary company is known as Minority interest
The Minority interest must be calculated and shown on the Liability side of the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
What is the difference between a Provisions and Reserves?
PROVISIONS: These are made against charge. Provisions are made if there is profit or not for companies: Bad debts, income tax. RESERVES these are made on profits and every minimum 10% as reserves.
What is prepaid expense and what are its effects?
Prepaid expenses are those expenses which are paid in advance, and whose benefit will be available in future.
What are premises in accounting sense? What is VAT adjustment?
Premises is and Fixed Assed in the accounting sense which is shown in the balance sheet in final accounts
Vat adjustment is  out put tax – input tax  the vat which is paid on purchase will be deducted from vat collected from sales this adjustment is known as vat adjustment.
What is the Provision? What is the Entry for Provision?
Provision means liabilities it means payable account  it’s an very useful for controlling payable accounts like telephone charges, ESIC accounts, EPF accounts,
EPF payable accounts Dr
to EPF accounts
ESIC payable accounts Dr
to ESIC account
What are the advantages of Computer accounting over Paper accounting?
There are many advantages from computer accounting over manual accounting. You can get automatically the creditors data, debtors’ data, sale proceeds, balance sheet, and many more information in the desired manner.
How to prepare finalization accounts?
First of all post all the journals in the ledger and then post in the trial balance and from that prepare trading account and manufacturing account (if necessary) and profit and loss account and then prepare profit and loss adjustment account and with the help of the trial balance prepare balance sheet and also show the profit under reserves after deducting the previous year losses and show contingencies (if any) in the notes to accounts.
What is Departmental Accounting? Give an example
Departmental accounting means account prepared separately for the department and here ledgers will be opened trial balance will be prepared and also p&l account will be prepared and profit or loss is included in the main p&l account and also shown in the balance sheet.
What is Service Tax & Excise? How it will be charge?
Service Tax is a form of indirect tax imposed on specified services called “taxable services. Presently it covers 58 services. A service tax shall be paid by the service provider but  collected from the service receiver.
Excise is also a form of indirect tax levied on  goods produced or manufactured in India.
What is Capital Budget?
Capital Budgeting is a way to justify capital expenditures.  It’s done to see if the added benefit of a capital purchase, i.e. increased revenue or decreased expense, exceeds the cost of capital.
What is purchasing order?

Purchasing order means order given to purchase anything.
What is vendor?
Vendor means the one who sells

What is SLA?
SLA – Service Level Agreement Period

What is debit and credit note?
Debit and credit note: while making entry in your books of accounts you need the documentary voucher. So the voucher made stating what entry and why it is made is
called debit/credit note.

Difference between Accounts and Finance.
ACCOUNT is the detailed record of a particular asset, liability, owners’ equity, revenue or expense.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING is the area of accounting concerned with reporting financial information to interested external parties

What is dual aspect concept?
Dual aspect concept: each and every transaction has two sides. Example: when you buy a shirt, then shirt comes to you while cash leaves you
similarly if you sell the same shirt to anyone then cash comes to you while shirt leaves you. Recording both aspects of coming and going is called dual aspect concept
What are depreciation and how many types and details?
Depreciation and its types: Depreciation means reducing/lowering value of an asset because of its use. Like machines/vehicles gets rusty/slow because of consistent use.

What is cash flow and funds flow?
Cash flow and funds flow: cash flow means direct entry of cash in your business and exit of the same funds flow means entry of funds (cash funds or non cash funds) and their exit
non cash funds may mean rise in current assets or fall in current liabilities which was not due to any cash movement

What is capital gain?
Capital gain: when any capital asset is sold and it is sold at a higher price than its book value then that extra gain is called capital gain. The word profit generally means revenue profits. While capital gain is generally received infrequently
What are bills receivable?
BILLS RECEIVABLE, in merchant accounts, are all promissory notes, bills of exchange, bonds, and other evidences or securities which a merchant or trader holds, and which are payable to him.
What is deferred account?
A best example of a deferred account is advertisement expense account. This account are those where an investment or expense is don’t with an expectation of making a intangible profit which cannot be measured or directly linked to expense.
What are MIS reports and do you prepare it?
MIS is management information system. And MIS report is reporting information of reports like efficiency of wing or a department of a company.
IF we take BPO (Call center) sector as example, MIS consists of efficiency of agents, Average time taken hold time etc and passing this to the management level for their analysis.
What is your role in planning?
It is a common question in interview, on the basis of CV Planning is a group work, so we find what work we done on the planning process. Every work is group work so we find what work we done in every part of Accounting.
How to do credit control?
1) Make the creditor, your debtor
2) For good creditor, give discounts & offers
3) For bad creditor, inform your position of willingness but inability to sustain relationship keeping in mind our business position.
What is bank reconciliation statement?
A Bank reconciliation statements are prepared if balance of bank account as shown in cash book differs from balance as shown in passbook. This statement shows the reasons or transactions because of which balances as shown in cash book and pass book are not tallying with each other.
What the functions of manger -accounts and manager-finance. Explain in detail.
When we see their difference from broad organizational review, the function of accounts manager are- The approval of the accounting system utilization and calculated amounts in supportable documents ,for example in journal vouchers and the approval of the accounting method. Also change of the accounting procedures of the company.
But regarding the manager
1. Controls the over all activity of the organization including the account manger.
What are the extraordinary items?
Transactions which happened due to catastrophic events i.e. unusual circumstance example: earthquake, flood, tsunami etc are called extraordinary items.
What are the fictitious assets?
These are like intangible assets which cannot be seen or touched. Actually these are not assets but some expenditure which cannot turn to profit and loss account of a particular period that is why these items are shown on assets side of balance sheet to be written off to P&L account in reasonable years.
What are the Steps involved in Project implementation?
Step involved in project implementation:
a. Identification of the need. b) Idea generation and screening of ideas.  c) Feasibility Study. d) Project Development e) Implementation.  f)  Controlling
What are time sheets? How they are maintained?
Timesheet is an approved document by an Authorized person of the particular Project where employee is working, for the work done by the concerned employee/consultant along with the description of work done. Time sheet contains the Billable/Non-Billable hours. Based on the Timesheet the Company will raise the invoice, for the consulting services provided by its employee, on the end-client.
What is mean by Working Capital?
Working capital is a fund which is used to run the organization for minimum actions.
What is shadow balance ?
Shadow Balance in bank accounts is the balance unto which the subsequent debits can be posted unto.
Shadow Balance = Book Balance – Debit (yet to be authorized for posting).
Example: Book balance is 1000.  There is a debit of 500. The debit is posted in the system and is sent for authorization.  At this juncture the Account shows a Shadow Balance of 500.  I hope I am clear.
What is meant by balancing?
Balancing means equalizing debit and credit side totals in a T-account.
If there is a deficit on side that is, debit or credit a suspense account is opened with the balancing figure.
What is the difference between inactive accounts and dormant account?
Dormant accounts are those accounts in which there are transactions in the recent history (the stipulation may vary according to the company’s rules).  Inactive accounts are those accounts in which transactions are being made for long time.
What is meant by turnover?
The turnover refers to the sales volume for a specific period of time like quarterly, semi annually or annually. It can be measured with sales volume figure or no. of days taken.
What is meant by calendar maintenance?
Calendar maintenance means update the sales, purchase and accounts records. Simply meaning is maintaining the records monthly, quarterly, half yearly and yearly.
What is meant by daily accrual and booking?
Meaning of Accrual: Revenues and costs are accrued (gathered), that is recognized as they are earned or incurred (and not as money is received or paid) and recorded in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. Accrual basis of accounting is one of the fundamental accounting assumptions underlying the preparation and presentation of financial statements.
What is an operative accounts?
Operative Accounts means Account is running/operating regularly, transaction is running from the account (debit/credit and deposit/withdrawal from account) this is called as Operative Account.
What is balance sheet and offbalance sheet?
Balance sheet is a statement which consists if asset and liabilities balance sheet is not called as account .their are 2 columns in balance sheet left hand side is called liabilities and right hand side is called asset.
What is customer account?
Debtors account and bills receivable account are theoretically same. Both are called as receivables. When we sold goods to debtors account is debited. If we receive a bill from that debtor, we open bills receivable account by closing that debtor account. Thus, bills receivable account is nothing but debtor account. If the bill is dishonored on the due date, we again debit the debtor account in our books. For information and accounting purpose we use both debtor account and bills receivable account.
What is retail banking?
Retail banking refers to the banking done with the retail client (e.g. the normal people) rather than business or organizational customers.
What is inventory management ?
Inventory management is an automated process of managing the stock of products and the various things involved with it Involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. Systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques and report actual and projected inventory status.
What is the difference between personal account real account and nominal account?
The total business transactions are divided in to three They are
Transactions related to persons
Transactions related to Things
Transactions related to incomes & expenditures
In accountancy we have three types of accounts they are – personal, real, nominal
Personal accounts refers to all the transactions related to natural persons, artificial persons and representative persons ex:- rama, ravi, andhra bank, outstanding rent. ,. First category of transactions belongs to personal accounts
RULE: debit the receiver and credit the giver
Real accounts include things in the business i.e. assets. IInd category of transactions related to
Real accounts ex: buildings, machinery, cash etc..
RULE: Debit what comes in and credit what goes out
Nominal accounts includes all the transactions related to expenditures, incomes, losses and profits. Ex: – rent paid, rent received, bad debts, profit on sale of an asset.
RULE: Debit all expenses and losses and credit all incomes and profits
What is meant by partitioning?
Partitioning is nothing but grouping based on the cluster which is similar kind of response by a system.
What are trade bills?
Every transaction must be supported by any document. A trade bill is a supporting document of business activities like purchases, sales, receipts, payments etc…
What is double entry book keeping?
In double entry book keeping method a journal entry is posted to both respective accounts for each transaction.
Let’s say for sales transaction, debit entry posted to cash account credit entry posted to sales account.
So it’s one of the methods to post accounting transactions.
What is dividend warrants?
Dividend is the part of profits payable to the owners of the company i.e., Shareholders.  Some companies issues warrants to its share holders instead of paying dividends in the form of cash in the form of document by mentioning the Warrant Price and other details.
The price mentioned in it is also called exercise price.  Some times company may not specify the name of the holder.  It can be filled by the holder of the document.
Advantages:  It helps to the issuing company from paying the Tax.
It is easy to transfer from one person to other without any formalities
It helps to increase the share/capital of the company
What is Letter of Credit?
LC (Letter of Credit) is a set of documents which are very essential for goods being transported from one country to another.  This set includes that of invoices, shipping documents, grantees and others.
What are the four classifications of Bad & Doubtful Debts as per the context of the Bank?
Assets in Banks are Loans and Advances given to borrowers. These Assets are divided into 4 categories. They are
1. Standard Assets: These accounts are good and the borrower is repaying the loan as per stipulation and also the security extended in good.
2. Substandard Asset: These accounts are good as per the security extended is good but the loans repayment is not up to the mark.
3. Doubtful Asset: These accounts have both the security as well the repayment stipulation in irregular method.
4. Bad Asset: These accounts are where the repayment is not forthcoming and the security extended is also become badly.
What is a Comprehensive Income?
Items GAAP does not want us to record in Income Statement.  GAAP does not want financial statements provider to mislead users. Ex. items will record in comprehensive income are Unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sales securities; Unrecognized net gain or loss; Unrecognized prior service cost (credit); Unrecognized net gain or loss.
What is the difference between Perpetual & Periodic Inventory systems?
In perpetual inventory system the inventory account is adjusted continually throughout the accounting period.
Whereas in the Periodic Inventory System :- Recording inventory transactions periodically than recording them continually.
What is the difference between provision & reverse?
Provisions are created in books as they are anticipated ex: provision for depreciation
Reserves are created in books as a part of profits which might used to purchase assets or to declare dividends.
What is an adjusting journal entry?
Adjusting entries are those entries that passed to rectify an error or wrong entry already made…. some accounting soft wares have disabled edit function in the accounts, so the only way to undo the mistake is to pass a correction entry or adjusting entry.
What is Contingent Liabilities?
A continental liability may or may not be liability to the company. It is mandatory to show in Balance Sheet. Ex:- Exgratia payable to Workers.  Sometimes company has to pay, sometimes may not pay.
What is cost accounting?
Cost accounting is the implementation of accounting techniques, ideas and methods for the utilization of capital or fund in an efficient way while rendering any services or production in the organization. In brief cost accounting is the utilization of the firm’s capital in an efficient way so that the expense remains less than the revenue, which ultimately leads the firm in net profit. It’s a tool which is used to control the cost of production or anything related to money.
What is the difference between Cash Flow & Fund Flow?
Cash flow is a statement that shows that where are you using you cash or bank amount funds and what’s profit now. It can be monthly / weekly / yearly also. Cash Flow statement is very useful for the any company who know his direction of flow.
Many times you use current assets for the purchase of fixed assets and paid to creditors. In that condition there is internal transaction between liabilities & assets who do not show cash flow then you prepare Fund Flow statement to see your transferring funds
For e.g.: You sold fixed assets by cash or credit then your assets will be decrease and your current assets will be increase. There are fund flows.
What is service tax?
When any employer provides any service to his customer which income is excess under the tax then company liable for the pay tax.
Service tax charged at rate 12% + 3% E.Cess & H.& E.Cess
=12.36%
And service tax deposited of in under 5 days who you charged service tax to his customers.
In the payment of Service tax amount you can Credit availed during of the month.
And if any company purchased of any item that has Excise duty & E.Cess with E.Cess then you can credit availed when you received excise form to your seller.
Can I take service tax on freight outward?
Yes you can take tax on freight outward. Because you are paid freight inclusive of service tax so you can full credit availed on any expenditure where you paying service tax amount.
Q55: what are the golden rules of accounting?
Personal: Debit the receiver
Credit the Giver
Real : Debit what comes in
: Credit what goes out
Nominal : Debit all expenses and losses
: Credit all income and gains
What is the TDS effect in balance sheet if TDS receipts?
In Assets Side:
Advance In-Come-Tax A/c Dr with TDS received Amount and Party A/c Cr with TDS received Amount
Q56: where TDS received should show in balance sheet?
Assets Side:
Advance In-Come Tax Ledger in current year
Economics Interview Question and Answers

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How does one arrive at a competitive pricing strategy for a multi-service practice where there are no specific products in question?
If your question is competitive pricing of services then utilize ABC (Activity Based Costing) to determine the Cost per activity related to the service.
Accumulate all such activities into a package and arrive at Cost per Package. Analyze the overall revenues that packages may stream in discounted over the next three years. You now have two points of Play
a) Cost per package
b) Overall discounted cost per enhanced package.

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Is there a rule of thumb for office rent or lease per gross income? There is a GRM (Gross Rent Multiplier) that compares the total rental/lease income to the value or price of the property.
The price can run 8 to 10 times the gross income, but that can vary based on market conditions, interest rates, management, building type, quality.
Capitalization Rate (cap rate) is a more comprehensive way of evaluation, but if the GRM is known for a building type and location, you can quickly determine a ballpark value.

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Is there a difference between corporate profit maximization and maximization of shareholder wealth? Sure, profit maximization relates to profits *only* while shareholder wealth also involves total company equity, debt ratios and any of 15 other financial performance measure ratios. Management could focus on profit maximization over a longer period of time, say, 40 years (Toyota), while the shareholder would rather see stock values and corporate total value increase immediately (get in and get out) (90% of American manufacturers). If management focused on short-term profit maximization, say at the expense of long-term sales revenues, then shareholder wealth (stock price) could actually decrease because of the loss of market share.

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What caused the Great Depression? The business boom of the 1920s made people overly confident therefore, they invested their money in risky stocks and deals. In addition, banks made careless loans and soon failed when people could not pay them back. Third, businesses produced more goods than were wanted and they could not sell or make a profit. Lastly, human workers / jobs were becoming replaced by machines and people could not find work.

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How tourism is an upcoming industry? Tourism is an upcoming industry because it is generating high level of income, nowadays it is third number of high income generating industry…

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What are the effects of globalization on Indian industry? Indian industry has progressed a lot due to globalization. A lot of improvement has been seen in Indian industry.

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What is the importance of strategic management towards the success of a business? Strategic management used to play a different after the Second Word War. Strategic plans of the past usually range 3 to 5 years. Some companies could even have plans for 10 good years. That is not possible today given rapid evolution of our society.

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What still matters in strategic management lies in the value of planning? There is an old saying that if you fail to plan, you are planning to fail. By acting on this, strategic management actually gives the organization direction, a sense of identity and unity towards what the business goal. Therein lays the continued importance of strategic management towards business success.
Every business has a vision and a mission. Strategic management takes into consideration both of these. Strategic management helps in achieving the organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner. For more details on importance of management, you can see the “Importance of Management” section on

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What are the various uses for break-even analysis? Such analysis allows the firm to determine at what level of operations it will break even (earn zero profit) and to explore the relationship between volume, costs, and profits. It helps the management that at current costs of products how many numbers of units must be sold to recover the cost of producing the product.
For Example: If you spend, $200 on producing a product and selling price is $20 then you must sale 10 units to recover the cost of product.
It also helps the management to determine how much of units to be sold to get desired profit on product. For example: if in the above example you want to earn $20 profit then add it to it’s cost of $200 and it will become $220 now you need to earn profit of this $20 you need to sale 11 items of product.

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What can you do about tourist’s use of natural resources? Countries have to legislate so that new tourist developments satisfy environmental safeguards. All development must be sustainable.
1) There must be no pollution into waterways and oceans.
2) Garbage and sewage must be collected and recycled as much as possible.
3) Tourist movements into natural areas must be limited so the numbers do not do any damage to the environment.
4) Building must blend into the natural environment.
5) There must be legal deforestation (e.g., cutting down rainforests to build a golf course).
6) New resorts and gardens must not put too great a demand on water and other natural resources.

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Why was Vietnam divided into two countries? The north was communist, the south was capitalist, which was determined by their supporter states, the USSR and the US after independence in 1954, and however, this division was only meant to be temporary, with elections to re-unify the country.

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What was the theory of mercantilism? Mercantilism was the economic philosophy underlying English colonial policy. The object of mercantilism was to increase the wealth of the Mother County (Great Britain) in gold and silver. To accomplish that goal, a favorable balance of trade was desired. That means that a nation would sell more than it would purchase, thus creating a surplus in the treasury. The name of the philosophy points out the importance is of merchants in this policy. Merchants would sell products to foreign nations and purchased items to be sold within the nation. Colonies played a vital role in mercantilism. A colony would supply the necessary raw materials to the industries of England and the colonists would be a source of income to the nation because they would buy the finished products and supplies they needed to grow, from the Mother Country. The ideal was to become self-sufficient. The nation would produce everything its people needed and buy nothing from foreign nations. Since the ideal could not be accomplished in the real world of economics, the object of mercantilism was to minimize imports that cost money and maximize exports and the trade that brought money in to the nation.

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What are the disadvantages of mixed economy system? The disadvantages of a mixed economy really depend on how “mixed” it is. For instance, if it is mixed more towards a free-market, there is little regulation (some may see this as a good, though), but if it is mixed more towards a command economy, the control may stifle growth.
Mixed economies can also have different characteristics. Each of these will share a different set of disadvantages. A will stifle profits due to it’s high tax structure, but will encourage new ideas due to its low regulation (this could result in many weird effects such as an economy comprised almost solely of small, well-niche businesses). B will encourage profits, but due to its regulation, some new ideas (and some growth) will be stifled. For instance, if environmental regulations are strict, the building of new plants or refineries might be lowered. This could result in a small number of very large and profitable businesses.

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What are the advantages of free market economy? There are many advantages to a free market economy. They range from the moral issues to the practical issues. We will deal mainly with the practical ones.
Unprecedented innovation – Free markets are wrought with inventions and the capital to research them. Countries classified as having a free market have been responsible for the vast majority of inventions since the 19th century.
Very high-income mobility – This means that under a free market system it is easier to move around income brackets. It is just easier to become rich or poor when you are left to your own devices as opposed to a controlled economy where resources are allocated by the government.

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What kind of market structure is the automotive industry? There are many ways to describe the market structure of the automotive industry. Here are two:
One of heterogeneous buyers makes up the population and nearly homogeneous sellers. This means that everyone (the population) needs a car (because a car is not a luxury item), but everyone has different needs (i.e.: compare a mother of 4 to a construction worker). Thus, buyers are everyone in the population, and they are heterogeneous (different). However, sellers are practically the same. GM, Ford, Chrysler, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, etc all offer the same products. Thus, they are homogeneous (similar).
Buyers with high brand-preference and highly marketed sellers this means that many automobile buyers have a brand loyalty, and sellers market to cultivate that loyalty. A great example of this is Jeep and Harley Davidson. Both companies have created a kind of community amongst their owners (I am sure we have all seen two Jeeps passing and the driver’s wave at each other).

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What are the advantages of leaving the allocation of a country’s resources to the price mechanism? The main conditions required are:
1. Either a finite number of agents or goods.
2. No externalities – That is, the consumption of one person should not harm or benefit anyone else.
3. No matter how much a person is consuming, they must be able to be made slightly happier by consuming a bit more of something.

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Should Newspapers and book publishers convert to electronic publishing over paper publishing as their primary product? NO! Only a fraction of the world’s people has access to computers or the energy needed to operate them. How would a deaf-mute access literary works?

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Why do some people believe that a mixed economic system solves basic economic problems? It is because both the private sector and public sector have a say in answering the basic economic questions, thus, there will be a degree of high efficiency (due to the private sector involvement) and social welfare too (due to the public sector involvement).
It allows the Government to intervene when the economy faces market failure. The mixed economic system allows markets to operate freely until it fails to allocate resources efficiently, after this, the government agencies, such as the EU Competition Commission, are able to correct for these failures. If this had been a completely free economic system, Government agencies would not have the means of power to be able to intervene.

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What currency was used in the 1700s? This depends on the country. Most currencies, however, were based on gold and silver.
In America, in the 13 colonies, tobacco was mostly used as a type of currency.

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Does Europe the USA or China have the largest economy? 1- Europe (remember Italy, French, UK and Germany are 4 world’s power) 2- USA 3- China.
2006 GDP Figures from the CIA World Fact book, in Trillions of dollars, purchasing power parity:
European Union: 13.080
United State: 13.060
China: 10.210
Prior to 2005, and probably back to 1942, the United State surpassed the EU.

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How best to define economics? Economics is usually defined as the problem of how best to distribute limited resources, limited because wants are characterized as unlimited, but common sense tells us that rather than limited resources, there is an abundance of resources. The difference is one of perspective and this is core to any alternative understanding of economics. If wants are the focus, then of course resources are limited by definition, but if minimum needs or essentials are used as the foundation, then resources are seen to be abundant. The difference is between a description and an explanation. A focus on wants or desires describes a market situation, while a focus on essentials or needs allows an explanation of choices to begin.

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How do the average household income of the different countries compare? In order to answer this question it is best to look at median household income. Median household income represents the statistical mid-point, with half of all households making more and half making less.
For the developed nations, median household income figures range from $30,000 to $55,000. For US states median household income figures range from $32,000 to $57,000. Overall, median household income levels among developed nations are similar to those found among US states.

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What is the marginal cost of capital? Marginal or incremental cost of capital is cost of the additional capital raised in a given period

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What will be the long-term effects of the Baby Boom? There are millions of Baby Boomers coming up hot and heavy. There are pros and cons…
PROS:
Baby Boomers want things right and aren’t too old to fight for it which could be excellent in the areas of health care, politics, and taking a good solid stand on important issues of the country they are in.
Baby Boomers are either going to retire and travel, stay around home, have ill health perhaps, or many well go back to work part-time or full-time. Although I am not classed as a Baby Boomer I found that I would rather work part-time than stay home constantly and it helps financially. Baby Boomers may even have more free time to volunteer in places that need help, or, they may even go back to College or night school. Some may even go into their own businesses. They have much to offer.

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Who are Canada’s top three trading partners? 1 U.S
2 Japan
3 United Kingdom

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What is the Gross Domestic Product of Norway? Norway is one of the world’s most developed nations and is home to one of the most advanced economies in the world. The country’s overall GDP is quite large considering the nation’s small population. Its GDP per capita is higher than that of the United States, ranked second in both nominal and PPP figures.
Its GDP figures in 2005 were as follows:
1) Nominal GDP: $296 billion (25th rank)
2) GDP PPP was $195 billion (42nd rank)
3) Nominal GDP per capita: $64,000 (2nd rank)
4) GDP PPP per capita: $42,000 (2nd rank)

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What is the economy in Bulgaria like? Bulgaria was somewhat hesitant in terms of embracing market reforms. The economy suffered greatly after the fall of communism with standard of living dropping drastically. In the mid 1990s, the economy improved and reforms were implemented. Economic growth has been steady and stable, ranging from 5% to 7% since the late 1990s. Currently its GDP per capita is considerably above that of most developing nations but still considerably lower than that of Eastern Europe’s more developed economies, not to mention the post-industrial economies of Western Europe. 15% of its GDP is still derived from agriculture, compared to less than 3% in most developed nations. Unemployment remains relatively high at almost 10% and the country receives roughly $475 billion in financial aid annually. Overall, the nation has overcome many of the problems that have plagued the economy during the early 1990s. Bulgaria remains ahead of most other developing or quasi-developed nations, yet lags behind other former communist nations such as the Czech Republic, Slovenia or Hungary.

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Who decides what goods services will be produced and sold in the US? It is mostly the American consumer. The US government also plays a large role in the nation’s economy, constituting roughly 36% of GDP – making it the largest and thus most influential economic institution and consumer. Manufacturers or those controlling supply may also manipulate demand through advertising and popular media.

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Why is economics seen as a social science? Beginning with a definition:
The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They diverge from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific method in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitative methods.
Economics is clearly a human phenomenon. Even though some topics in economics, such as game theory, are used in the natural sciences and mathematics, economics remains a study of purely human phenomenon.

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What is the Malthusian theory on population? If population growth continues then there will not be enough resources around for everyone this will lead to an event such as famine or war, which will reduce the population.

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What does ‘macroeconomics’ mean? The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy is such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. It is the study of all aspects of the economy. It is different from microeconomics, which studies how individual entities (such as people, families, or even corporations) fit in the economy.

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Is there competition between the producers in Canada? Yes, Canada is a mixed economy. Thus, there is going to be some degree of competition among “producers.”

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How do tax cuts affect the economy? Tax cuts improve the economy by giving the people more spending power and higher consumer confidence, which leads to them spending more of all of their income which leads to more jobs, more business investment in more efficient technologies, and ultimately higher GDP growth.

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What is the difference in changing the scope between a spiral approach and a waterfall approach? The scope of requirements changes in Waterfall model is less than that in Spiral Model. In Waterfall model, you progress to the next stage only when the requirements of the stage above it are finalized and signed off. So literally, we do not have any scope of changing the requirements once we move down the phases in this model.
However, Spiral model gives us flexibility to change the requirements and scope anytime during the life cycle.
In this model, we implement the individual requirements following all the standard phases of Software Life Cycle. Therefore, if any new change is there, we can implement it in next version of the software.

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What is globalization and what are its effects on the Indian economy? It is largely positive. Globalization has brought many jobs and large sums of investment to India. India’s economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years and many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Its GDP per capita is less than $2,000, a fraction of the GDP per capita found in some Latin American and Eastern European nations. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced and suffering from miserable labor conditions. Nonetheless, globalization has created a large economic boom for India with largely positive effects Define economics on the welfare and scaruty of resources. Economics need to be studied to see where the economy is going, what can be removed from the economy and what can be added in order to improve it.
Economics is one of the fundamentals of business and if studied carefully, one can do very well business if all the right moves are made.

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What are the types of market economies? From my understanding, there are 4 main types of market economies. They are also known as Economic Systems. The 4 are Free Market, Mixed Market, Command and Traditional Economy. Please try to understand that there are various terms for them, and it can be different from one book to another. What is important is to understand its characteristics. The Free Market, just simply means let the invisible hand in the Economy work, while in the Command Economy, the invisible hand is the government. The mixed Economy has a mixture of both. Traditional economy is a bit different though, the economy only moves when an elder tells them to.

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What is the opportunity cost of devoting scarce university land to car parking? Since opportunity cost is defined as the cost of any activity measured in terms of the best alternative activity, which is forgone, in this case, the opportunity cost can be a field for students to play around or a land where a library can be built. Another example would be the opportunity cost of coming to school. This answer will be the time enjoyed going to the cinema or time spent with your partner. Hence, the opportunity cost of coming to school will be the cost of not going to cinema and spending time with your partner.

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How do reductions in government spending affect the economy? Generally the government is very good at wasting money and resources so less spending, by the government helps the economy as those resources are allocated in areas that are more efficient.

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What is the significance of foreign exchange rate risk and how can this risk be mitigated? Foreign exchange risk is the level of uncertainty that a company must manage for changes in foreign exchange rates that will adversely affect the money the company receives for goods and services over a period.
For example, a company sells goods to a foreign company. They ship the goods today, but will not receive payment for several days, weeks or months. During this grace period, the exchange rates fluctuate. At the time of settlement, when the foreign company pays the domestic company for the goods, the rates may have traveled to a level that is less than what the company contemplated. As a result, the company may suffer a loss or the profits may erode.
To minimize or manage the risk, companies enter into contracts to buy foreign currency at a specified rate. This allows the companies to minimize the uncertainty of the risk, so that they can price their products accordingly.

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How do the determinants of demand affect the price of a particular product? As demand for a good goes up, the price goes up. So any determinant of demand that has positive or negative effect on demand will have the same affect on the price.

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What is a monopoly? When one business or company dominates its area and squeezes out all its competition, the result is the consumer does not have a free choice, and inevitably, the price of its products or services will increase, and the ‘Monopoly’ increases its profit. Although, sometimes prices stay low to discourage anyone from entering the market, profit still does occur. Not to be confused with a pure monopoly, where a company has control over the entire market for a product because of barriers.
However, a monopoly is a philosophical process of direct competition leading to a pure monopoly it is not in itself a purely dominating force. It is rather, the process of obtaining competitive grounds for strive toward total control.

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How does outsourcing affect the economy? In principle, outsourcing makes things a little cheaper and increase profitability. However, some things need to be done ‘in house’. For example, some employers (largely) outsource recruitment to key posts. The people making the decisions may be good at picking bright people, but they often do not really know what is needed by the employer. In Britain, it often said that corporations ‘hire people who are good at getting jobs but bad at doing them’. To the extent that this is true, it is damaging for all concerned.

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What is an ‘Oligopoly’? Oligopoly is a market where the supply is controlled by a small group of companies. In this condition, the actions of one company will have a material effect on the entire market for a product.
Several characteristics of an Oligopoly:
1) Substantial barriers to entry
2) Market dominated by a few large firms
3) Differentiated products
4) Price rigidity
An example of this type of monopoly would be the corporations Visa and MasterCard. They are in the business of card securities and hold major market share. However, it could be noted that Visa holds more of a pure monopoly status; MasterCard does have a high level of control to create a competitive market situation.

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How do you explain GNI per capita? A measure of the wealth is earned by nations through economic activates all around the world.
Gross National Income comprises the total value of goods and services produced within a country (i.e. its Gross Domestic Product), together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), and less similar payments made to other countries. It is also known as GNP.
It can be calculated as follows:
GNI = Gross Domestic Product + Net property income from abroad.

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What is the average standard of living in Africa? It is extremely low. Africa is the most impoverished continent on the face of the planet. The average African has scarce access to safe drinking water and most commonly lacks plumbing. “Informal housing” is the rule with electricity and safe transportation remaining luxuries. Even life style attributes taken for granted by the average Mexican or Russian are out of reach for many Africans. In terms of employment, many Africans are unemployed or employed in agriculture.
Sub-Saharan Africa in particular is one the world’s poorest regions. According to the World Bank 74.9% of the population lived on less than $2 a day in 2003; 44% lived on less than $1 a day.

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What kind of market demand and supply information would be useful to you in deciding upon a business strategy? Market Demand and Supply Information
A customer-filled form of the following fields will be of great use. 1) Do you need product urgently?
2) How many times have you visited our store?
3) Was the proper information provided to you?
4) Were you attended properly?
5) Can you afford to pay more for a quick delivery?
6) Have you ever used our product?
7) How do you know about our product?

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What are the advantages of regional integration? Advantages of Regional Integration
Most economic experts cite that regional integration allows disadvantaged countries to realize economies of scale, compete on a broader (often global) platform and increase overall economic efficiency. Alassane D. Ouattara the Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund states that regional integration ‘enables participating countries to pool their resources and avail themselves of regional institutional and human resources, in order to attain a level of technical and administrative competence that would not be possible on an individual basis’.

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In economics what is a normative statement? A normative statement in economics is like a normative statement in any other academic subject–it is a statement about something with an implicit value judgment or moral claim.
It is distinct from a descriptive statement that is supposed to be value/ideologically neutral.
For example, a descriptive statement in economics could be something like, ‘Social Security is set to go bankrupt by 2050.’ Whereas a normative statement would be something like, ‘Social Security is set to go bankrupt by 2050 and thus must be saved to prevent a huge boom in elderly poverty.’

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What are the differences between perfect competition and monopoly competition? In a monopoly, you are gaining an unfair advantage over any competition because you own so many infrastructures. Monopolies used to be known as trusts, which is why you sometimes hear of Anti-Trust Law violations.
At one time, AT&T owned every phone line, every phone and every piece of phone equipment in the country. They monopolized the industry; how could you compete with them when they owned everything? Similarly, the Post Office has an excellent infrastructure for delivering mail, but they do not have a monopoly because FedEx and UPS and DHL have all found ways to carve out a healthy piece of the parcel moving business, so although UPS always grumbles about the Post Office, they do OK in competition.

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What are business cycles and what role do the Federal Reserve and Federal Government have in trying to control them? It is very important that you understand that the Federal Reserve is not a government institution. It does not take its orders from the federal government. Yes, they put their hand in and try to change the course of the U.S. Economy.

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What is the advantage of mixed economy system? Advantages are:
1) People can make there own decisions
2) The government has limited control, which is good for structure
3) Provides freedoms such as Enterprise, ownership, Social Welfare, Profit Earnings, Political Freedom
4) All national resources are utilized under mixed economy.
5) It will activate the government support and direction.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of both a fixed exchange rate regime and a flexible exchange rate regime? There are two ways the price of a currency can be determined against another. A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen, or a basket of currencies). In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged.
If, for example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to USD 3.00, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of foreign reserves. This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank which it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation), and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary.

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Why do prices tend to up? Because of the increasing inflation level

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What are the differences between absolute advantage and comparative advantage? Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two basic concepts to international trade. Under absolute advantage, one country can produce more output per unit of productive input than another can. With comparative advantage, if one country has an absolute (dis)advantage in every type of output, the other might benefit from specializing in and exporting those products, if any exist.
A country has an absolute advantage economically over another, in a particular good, when it can produce that good at a lower cost. Using the same input of resources, a country with an absolute advantage will have greater output. Assuming this one good is the only item in the market, beneficial trade is impossible. An absolute advantage is one where trade is not mutually beneficial, as opposed to a comparative advantage where trade is mutually beneficial.

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What are the steps in hypothesis testing? An experiment is described by an exponential random variable with mean ? and x1 and x2. A proposed test of the hypothesis ?=2 against the alternative ?=½ uses the critical region {(x1, x2): min(x1, x2) <¼} Show that this test has size of approximately 0.22 and find its power. Obtain a better test of the same size

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What advantages might a socialist system have in responding to the needs of the poor? The socialist system is based on the notion of equality for everyone, everyone has a job and everyone has a place to live. Everyone has to forfeit his or her class rights in a socialist system. A socialist system has universal health care and dental care, childcare, as well as similar access to resources such as food and water. Ideally, the socialist system could cater to the needs of the poor because it provides equal access to all folks, regardless of income.
Although advantageous to the poor, the socialist system can mean heavy taxation on all citizens. There could be corruption as well as unequal access to resources, which means that the people who tow the party line usually have more access to better goods. The socialist system means highly unusual labor quotas, food ration cards, long lines at the store, or below superior quality goods available.

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What are the functions of price mechanism in a free market economy? Price Mechanism
Price mechanism is the point, which equilibrates supply and demand within a market. It is a mechanism of pricing. The price mechanism is one, which allows the prices of good and services to be decided by the interplay between supply and demand. There is no centralized price fixing.
The price mechanism is the concept that the free market, when left to its own devices, will formulate fair prices of the goods or services on its own by the natural laws of supply and demand.

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What is the impact on the economy if price ceiling or price floor were removed? Price ceiling is government rules or laws setting price floors or ceilings that forbid the adjustment of price to clear markets. Price ceilings make it illegal for sellers to charge more than a specific maximum price. Ceilings may be introduced when a shortage of a commodity threatens to raise its price a lot.

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What is privatization? Privatization is the transfer of ownership from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business).

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What is the difference between project proposal and project feasibility study? Project feasibility study is required to make a decision whether the project proposal is technically and economically feasible. After finalization of the project feasibility report by the experts (technical & economical), the decision for going ahead for preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the project proposal.

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What is inflation? It is when the price of everything starts going up. Often an outside stimulus can start a cycle of inflation.
The price of goods and services is going up because of an over supply of money. As the amount of money in wallets increases so does the temptation to increase prices, which increases costs “especially by banks and finance institutions”, They have the least to lose as they hike up interest rates to regain losses.

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Why did the European Union make monetary unification? I think the reason was that by standardizing the monetary system, trade between the countries of the EU would become much less complicated, and therefore easier and hopefully would increase significantly, benefiting all involved.

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What are the advantages of capitalism? The advantages of capitalism are that the governments have limited control over other business, which lets business compete.

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What is the importance of microeconomics in study of managerial economics? It’s a economics for decision making where we have to be very optimize and implement those situation which will be helpful in profit maximization in our business effectively and efficiently
Since the microeconomics explains the concepts like demand, production, supply analysis, so that it maximizes the profit.

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How do trade barriers affect international trade? Trade barriers come in many forms. Quota is one. This is when a country sets a limit to the imported products. This is done for a number of reasons. One is because the government of the importing country wants to protect the local manufacturers.
In this way, trade barriers can affect the international trade because it does not promote free trade. When countries trade with each other they do not want to have trade barriers because it can result in an unfair trade where country A may export goods to country B but country B cannot do vice versa because country A sets up trade barriers such that it makes it very difficult for country B to export. One example is a trade barrier concerning with health and safety.

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What are the capitalist countries in the world? Capitalism is the dominant, most used form of government there is in the world today. Currently, over 80% of countries use capitalism and a free market economy.

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What is an interest sensitive good? Things like housing and autos tend to be affected by changes in interest rates because financing is typically required to make such purchases. If financing becomes more expensive due to an increase in interest rates, sales in these goods tend to be effected in a negative way. On the other hand, when interest rates are low sales are usually positively impacted for interest rate sensitive goods.

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What is social cost benefit analysis? It refers to the study of feasibility of a project in terms of its total economic cost and total economic benefits.
It means to compare total cost with total benefit if we add external cost with private cost, its called total social cost if we add external benefit with private benefit, called total social benefit.

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What happens to unsold newspapers? They are picked up by the delivery driver and transported back to the distribution center where they are kept for recycling.

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What countries are the members of the OECD? Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are:
Twenty countries originally signed the Convention on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development on 14 December 1960. Since then a further ten countries have become members of the Organization.

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What is the difference between service industry and industry in economy? Industry is a generic term, but is most commonly used as a substitute term for a manufacturer of goods such as Pepsi or Ford. The term industry can also be used to refer to a very specific group of companies.
The service industry is essentially non-good producing industries such as retail trade, wholesale trade, and the service industries. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, these companies make up 70% of the total economic activity in the United States. Good examples of the service industry include health care, hospitality & accommodations, and real estate. The financial and insurance sectors would also be included within the service industry.
In economic terms, the differences are essentially the same. This is obviously a little simplistic, but check out Google Finance or any financial site under the Sector Summary to see how each of the “industries” are broken down for the purpose of comparison and reporting.

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What is profitability analysis? This is an analysis of costs and revenue to determine whether a venture will make a profit. This is important information in deciding on whether to make an investment. The length of time required to repay the initial investment can be a critical factor.

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What are the advantages of leaving resource allocation to price allocation? The 5 advantages are Neutral, Flexible, Freedom of choice, No administrative cost and lastly Diminished incentives. Distinguish between diminishing returns and diseconomies of scale. Diseconomies of scale I guess means as you produce more it becomes more expensive to produce.
For example, you produce output 1 for $2 but output 2 for $5 thus the second one required $3
Now let us say input for output 1 had to be doubled for input 2. One land gave output 1. Output 2 needed 2 lands. Then there are not diminishing returns.
However, as second land was costing $3 there was diseconomies of scale.

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What is Universal Banking? It generally refers to the combination of commercial banking and investment banking. It is a supermarket for both wholesaler n retailer financial services as it offers a wide range of financial services

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Does capital inflow lower US interest rates? Basic textbook models, such as the Mundell-Fleming model, say that capital inflow occurs due to the domestic interest rate being higher than the world interest rate, and thus capital inflow. So according to this model, it can lower interest rates so that interest rates stabilize to the world interest rate. However, there is a checklist that needs to be ticked off and this checklist is like a chain, for example if domestic interest rates are high then there is going to be capital inflow, the domestic currency will appreciate due to the increase in demand for the currency, thus Net Exports will decrease until exchange rates have stabilized.

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How does the current situation in the Middle East affect the US economy? An interruption in supply and demand and economic warfare, coupled with unfair business practices in the US causes the price of fuel to rise. During the original invasion of Iraq, tanker traffic in the Persian Gulf was drastically cut for fear of losing ships and cargo. This caused a minor shortage of crude oil. OPEC only sales crude, it is refined (distilled) locally. In capitalist free markets, suppliers are allowed to raise prices during shortages, so that they can outbid other consumers when replenishing their crude. Unfortunately, OPEC realized that countries were willing to pay this extra price and refused to lower their price when pre-war supply was restored. OPEC denies this, but the US has captured documents that prove OPEC intentionally inflated prices. Now, because gas prices go up, it costs more for the shipping and trucking companies to do business. A large percentage of what you pay for a gallon of milk comes from the shipping cost of getting it to your grocery.

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What is meant by the term National Debt? When a government spends more than it receives in taxes, it runs a budget deficit, which is usually covered by issuing debt obligations to domestic and/or international investors. In the US, these obligations are Treasury bills, Treasury notes, and Treasury bonds. The total outstanding amount of such obligations constitutes a National Debt.

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What is the role of Indian government in Indian economy? Keynesian (John Keynes) economics is all about using monetary and fiscal (Government) policies to help direct the market towards equilibrium. Keynes did not believe that the market was self-correcting, and thus required government involvement. Keynesian economics also uses the view that prices are constant in the short term and only adjust in the long term (sticky price theorem). This delay in price adjustment pulls the market away from equilibrium.

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What is full employment GDP? The value of total output produced at full employment.

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What is an opportunity cost? Opportunity cost is cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action. Put another way, the benefits you could have received by taking an alternative action. Concept of opportunity cost is central to economics because it reminds us that everyday we each have choices to make and for each choice, that we make there is a second best option that we forego{that we pass up}

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What is PPS? Packets per second (pps) are a measure of throughput for network devices such as bridges, routers, and switches. It is a reliable measurement only if all packet sizes are the same. Vendors will often rate their equipment based on pps, but make sure comparisons are made using the same packet sizes.

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What is Collateral management? Collateral Management is a function to manage collateral effectively. It provides interface to enter collateral data, and it has a master data of collateral descriptions and types. It maintains customer, collateral, and credit account relationships so the amount of idle collateral can be determined. It is usually packaged in an application or part of the core-banking application.

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How would you differentiate between strike labor dispute and labor unrest? Unrest is unexcused walkouts or absences or you have unresolved issues that may lead to a strike. Labor strike is just that. Workers walk out on jobs and do not return until a new contract is negotiated and approved by membership

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What is Ricardo’s Theory? Briefly, the price of anything is based on comparative advantage. If Adam produces clocks better and cheaper than Bill, all clock production should go to Adam.

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What is pricing of Factors of Production? Whenever we have touched on the pricing of productive factors, we have signified the prices of their unit services, i.e., their rents. In order to set aside consideration of the pricing of the factors as “wholes,” as embodiments of a series of future unit services, we have been assuming that no businessmen purchase factors (whether land, labor, or capital goods) outright, but only unit services of these factors. This assumption will be continued for the time being. Later on, we shall drop this restrictive assumption and consider the pricing of “whole factors.”

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What is meaning of market economy? The meaning of a market economy is in which the decision and production are made. The consumption of goods services are based on voluntary exchange in markets.

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What is consumption? “Consumption” is an old name for tuberculosis (TB) that describes how the illness wastes away or consumes its victims. TB is “an ancient enemy” that has plagued humankind for more than five thousand years.
It can also mean to “consume”, consumption of food or resources.

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What is BOP? It is called as Balance of payments – an economic term. (BOP) measures the payments that flow between any individual country and all other countries. It is used to summarize all international economic transactions for that country during a specific time, usually a year. The BOP is determined by the country’s exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as financial transfers. It reflects all payments and liabilities to foreigners (debits) and all payments and obligations received from foreigners (credits).

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What are financial centers? Banks and brokerage firms are considered financial centers

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What is the difference between an economic luxury and an economic necessity? An economic luxury is wasting land on pools huge garden, etc. An economic necessity is what you need a certain amount of space (houses) to make something very necessary (to live in)

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What is the incidence of tax? Well tax incidence refers to who actually pays the tax.
Tax incidence can be divided into-
1. Formal incidence: the party liable to the tax
2. Informal incidence: party, who actually pays the tax
The tax incidence is decided by the elasticity of demand and supply for a good or service.

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Is it true that government revenues are increased because of lower tax rates? It is true to a point. The Laffer curve shows that revenues increase as the tax rates rise (0 tax rate = 0 revenue) up to a point, but the increase slows as the rate rises higher and at some point total revenue begins to decline. If your incremental tax rate is 1% and you can work 4 hours to make $100, you will get to keep $99 and most people would be willing to do this. You would probably will to work the extra hours if you were taxed 5 or 10%. However, if you were subject to an incremental rate of 99%, you would not work that long knowing the government was only going to let you keep $1. The “magic number” seems to be somewhere around 15-20%. If the rates are above this, people are not motivated to increase their earnings. Big corporations react the same way.

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What is inflation and how is it measured? Inflation means an overall increase in the prices of goods and services. It is a decrease in the value of a currency. There are three types of measurement, Core Inflation, CPI, and WPI. Core Inflation is a measurement of non-volatile goods such as food and non-precious metals. It leaves out goods like oil because oil’s price is subject to wild fluctuations. CPI is the most common measurement, using a market basket of goods and measuring their price from a point in the past (a CPI of 100 is arbitrarily the same price level for 1982-1984). Thus, the equation is (Price of most recent market basket/price of same market basket in 1982-1984) X 100. The 100 is to give us the number we normally see. WPI is Wholesale Price Index. It is a measure of wholesaler’s prices and is generally considered a pre-cursor to what CPI will be (as it takes time for goods to read the consumer).

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How is education an investment in human capital? Well, the idea of humans as capital means that humans have a certain worth to a company (or society). Education increases that worth, making individuals more able to contribute to a company (or to society). Therefore, investing in Education… in your employees, for instance, is worthwhile because then your employees increase their value to you, as an employer. In a general sense, society’s investment in educational programs increases people’s value to society in general.

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Why does an indifference curve never meet? No indifference curve can intersect because all points on indifference curve are ranked equally preferred and ranked or less more preferred than every other point on the curve.

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What is Price Level? The price level refers to the monetary value of a good or service.

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What perfect competitive market and pure monopoly market have in common? A perfect competitive market and pure monopoly market both have to follow the “law of demand”.

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What does it mean when a rupee appreciate? I think the answer to this question lies in the reasons, which are contributing to the rise and fall of a price of any commodity. India has now good amount of dollars and as such, demand of dollars has come down comparatively.

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What is trickle down economics? A derogatory term applied to Reaganomics, or supply-side economics, trickle-down economics is the theory that tax cuts for the wealthy merely “trickled down” to the bottom groups and that the rich benefited at the expense of the economy. Similar criticisms were raised about the supply-side tax cuts enacted by Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon in 1921 but not for those made by John Kennedy in the 1960s. Supply-side cuts involve cutting taxes across the board but most dramatically for those in the top tax brackets. The rationale was that those who paid the most taxes would then be able to reinvest their tax “savings.” Thus, supporters have countered the phrase “trickle-down” with the one coined by John Kennedy: “a rising tide lifts all boats.”

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What is the Service sectors percentage in Indian GDP? Services industry contributes 55.5% to Indian GDP.

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How do you define a control in economics? A control in economics means a steady profit rate that is increasing. Therefore, after one year you could have £1mill profit then the next year £3mill profit etc.

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Which is a better measure of economic well-being real GDP or Nominal GDP? Well real GDP takes into account the inflation rate and thus is more accurate at recording the actual increase in production activities. Therefore, Real GDP is better.

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How do you calculate variable unit costs and total annual costs? Annual units sold, 1000. Raw materials annual cost 650. Building rent annual cost 9000. If sales volume increased to 6000 units and 8000 units, what is the total annual cost and unit cost for fixed variable?
Cost per unit of raw material=650/1000= 0.65
Fixed cost (Rent) =9000 < /FONT >
Fixed cost per unit= 9000/1000= 9.00< /FONT>
If the sales volume increases to 6000 units, then total cost= 12900 and cost per unit = 2.150< /FONT >
Variable cost+ fixed cost= (0.65*6000) + 9000= 12900 / 6000= 2.15< /FONT >
If the sales volume increases to 8000 units, then total cost= 14200 and cost per unit = 1.775< /FONT >
(0.65*8000) + 9000= 14200 / 8000 = 1.775

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What is a tariff? A tax on goods leaving or entering some place

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What is Ramsay pricing? It assigns costs based on the price elasticity of demand. Yet higher the elasticity (elastic), the lower the charge of fixed costs when allocated amongst products.

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What is consumer demand? Consumer Demand is how much of something that consumers are wanting. A company needs to know the consumer demand so they know how much of a product to make.

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Why marketers are interested in discretionary income? Because discretionary Income = the money people have left over once they have paid for all of their basic requirements (Food, Clothing, Shelter). < /FONT >
You could also call it Disposable Income because you can spend on whatever you want.
If people do not have very much discretionary income then they cannot buy all kinds of useless stuff that marketers are trying to sell them.
This would limit the potential demand for a good or service.

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What is causing the rise in the price of oil? The rise in the price of oil can be traced to a simple factor, but there are several other contributing factors.
The simplest explanation is that the demand for oil is greater than the current production. When demand exceeds supply, price will increase, as people are willing to pay more to ensure that they get their scarce resource (oil in this case).
Depending on your political views and knowledge of the situation, you may also believe that the production of oil is much lower than capacity because certain middle-eastern countries know that America depends on oil imports more than other countries. An increase in oil prices will lead to a slightly weaker US economy.

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What is explanatory research? Explanatory research is research conducted in order to explain any behavior in the market. It could be done through using questionnaires, group discussions, interviews, random sampling, etc.

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What is a retention bonus? A Retention bonus is an incentive paid to a key employee to retain them through a critical business cycle. This could be a transitional period (such as mergers and acquisitions) to ensure productivity or to meet a critical milestone. It has proven to be a very good tool in persuading employees to stay.

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Civil Engineering Interview Question and Answers

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What is the world’s largest concrete dam?
The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world’s largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and PAraguay in South America.
Though it is not finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.

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What are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made? Alloying is not always done to produce a ’superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property.
Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel).

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What is the tallest man made structure in the world? The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The worlds tallest man made structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall.

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Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe? On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.

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How do you measure concrete? Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter

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What is the difference between absorption & adsorption and sorption? Absorption generally refers to two phenomena, which are largely unrelated. In one case, it refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material. For instance, a sponge absorbs water when it is dry.
Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy may be re-emitted as radiant energy or transformed into heat energy. The absorption of light during wave proPAgation is often called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules.
Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

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How are freeway bridges built? After calculating the anticiPAted traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are sPAced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive carefully.
Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be reinforced concrete, structural steel, or a combination of steel and concrete.
The foundation under the bridge structure is usually a combination of reinforced concrete piers and/or footings, along with built-up soil embankments. Reinforced concrete refers to concrete with steel reinforcing bars (rebars) within the concrete to provide structural strength and to reduce cracking in the concrete. The selection of concrete and soil embankment elements used in the foundation depends on the size, shape, and elevation of the roadway(s) that are crossing at the bridge, as well as the strength of the existing soil at the site. Once the foundation and bridge piers are in place, one or more beam-like structures are placed on top of the foundation to create the bridge sPAn.
The primary bridge structure must sPAn a certain distance across whatever is below the bridge (a lower roadway, or creek, or railroad track, etc.). The material selected for the main sPAn(s) can be reinforced concrete or steel. On a typical interstate highway, you can look up at a series of bridges and you will often see example of both. Either concrete beams can be monolithic rectangular tubes that are poured in place with wet concrete poured into forms built on site, or they can be pre-cast concrete beams that are poured at a factory and then trucked to the site and placed by cranes. In both cases, reinforcement bars are placed within the beams to provide tensile strength (since concrete is very brittle and is weak in tension).
Alternatively, the beams can be prefabricated at a factory out of steel sections or plates and then trucked to the site. Smaller steel bridges can be constructed out of deep I-beams (technically the pre-manufactured beams are called wide-flange sections and are shape like an “I” in cross section.) For larger bridges, the steel beams are more usually fabricated out of steel plates to form large hollow rectangular tubes, which are trucked to the site in sections.
Finally, on top of the structural beams is a concrete road deck slab, about 12″ deep, which is structurally attached to the beams. The road deck slab has an extensive network of rebar embedded within the concrete to provide tensile strength to the slab. Engineers spend a lot of time working on the details of these slabs to ensure that the concrete is strong, consistent, high-density, and comPActed well to avoid cracks that allow water to get to the rebar and corrode it over time. After the concrete cures, it is typically scored with grooves to improve traction in wet/icy weather and exPAnsion joints are filled with caulk to try to keep water away from the rebars.
To finalize the construction of the bridge, railings, drainage details, sidewalks, and signage are added.

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What is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities? The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent rePAirs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could include PAinting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture rePAirs, and PAtching cracks in the school buildings.
The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system.

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What are the applications of modulus of elasticity? As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA comPAred to about 70 GPA for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.

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What are the causes of building collapse? The PAssage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.

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What is braced excavation all about? Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil.

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What is the meaning of soil reinforcement? Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load.
Two common examples are:
a) Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-comPActing to improve soil-bearing caPAcity (often done under the road base in highway construction)
b) Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with comPActed soil to produce a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability)

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What is aggregate? Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress.

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What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed? 1967 began commercial operation on unit 1.

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What is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge? The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.

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How do you calculate the power of a centrifugal pump? The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:
P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency
If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”.
The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.
If it is the absorbed power of the pump to allow you to select a suitable motor then this is a function of the generated head, flow rate, specific gravity of the fluid and the pump efficiency from the OEM / pump performance curve.
For those of us not in the US or using English units then the power can also be specified in kW.
In simple terms Power (kW) = Flow x Head x SG / (367 x Effy)
Where Flow is in cubic meters / hour, head is in meter, Specific Gravity (SG) being a dimensionless unit – cold clean water SG = 1 and efficiency as a % from the curve or other means.
If you are trying to evaluate wire to water efficiency then you can set efficiency in the equation above to 1 and then ratio the input (measured power) to output power (calculated water horse power) to obtain the overall efficiency.

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Why nautical mile is different from statute mile? One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).
The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

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What is rigging? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

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What is absolute pressure? Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

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How do you calculate absolute pressure? Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.

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What is Gravity flow? Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

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What is horizon or horizontal mining? Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – PArticularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.
Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.
The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.
This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.
In modern horizon mining, several horizons will be driven in the same direction from a vertical shaft. The horizons will appear as a vertical stack of roadways, which it is difficult to represent on a conventional mine, plan. This being the case, it is usual to show the relative position of horizons on an isometric drawing for clarity.
Although horizon mining is developed in Germany in the early 20th century, its origins almost certainly date to the Duke of Bridgewater’s coalmines at Worsley near Manchester. It was here in 1765 that a branch of the Bridgewater Canal was driven into the mine so that loaded boats could travel from the working face in the mine directly to Manchester, which was some 8 miles away – and without any double handling of the cargo. This caused the price of coal in Manchester to drop from (in modern units) 45p/tonne to 22p/tonne – a 50% reduction!

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What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress? In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something.
Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force.

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What is a kip? 1 kip = 1000 lbs

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What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue? Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains

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Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure? No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

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Why does the pressure increase under soil? Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil.
For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.

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What is the distance between railway tracks? 4 feet, 8 1/2 inches

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How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower? 138.60ft
2.31ft of water= 1 PSI

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What are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda? To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the PArticular site is suitable for the purpose intended
To know the history of the site
To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start
Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure.

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What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.

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What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPAnd and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

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What is the tensile strength of wood? The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions.
Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook.

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How many Lbs are there in a yard? A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance.
If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.)
Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

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What is a projection line? Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of PAper.

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What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

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What is the origin of name Railway Sleepers? When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

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What is BMC stands for in BMC Software? BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PArtnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas.

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Does brick grows bigger every year. Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

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How did street’ originate in the plumbing term street ell? A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting PArticularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less sPAce, than with a standard ell.

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What is the absolute pressure scale? Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

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What is the difference between QA and QC? Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below:
a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.
b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.
c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)
d) QA activities ensure that the process is defined and appropriate. Methodology and standards development are examples of QA activities. A QA review would focus on the process elements of a project – e.g., are requirements being defined at the proper level of detail. In contrast, QC activities focus on finding defects in specific deliverables – e.g., are the defined requirements the right requirements. Testing is one example of a QC activity, but there are others such as inspections. Both QA and QC activities are generally required for successful software development.
e) Controversy can arise around who should be responsible for QA and QC activities — i.e., whether a group external to the project management structure should have responsibility for either QA or QC. The correct answer will vary depending on the situation, but Mosaic’s experience suggests that:
f) While line management should have the primary responsibility for implementing the appropriate QA, QC and testing activities on a project, an external QA function can provide valuable expertise and perspective.
The amount of external QA/QC should be a function of the project risk and the process maturity of an organization. As organizations mature, management and staff will implement the proper QA and QC approaches as a matter of habit. When this happens, only minimal external guidance and review are needed.

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How did the Romans get water up hills using aqua ducts? Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.
The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”.

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Will Water damage concrete? As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as follows:
a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)
b) With this capillaries the concrete starts sPAlling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere
c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.
d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete
e) Reduces durability
f) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge
g) Results in ageing of structures

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How do you determine Specific gravity of cement? Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful.
A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

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What is the meaning of a blue land surveyor’s flag? If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating.
The standard color code used by almost all utility comPAnies for PAinting & flags is:
White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!”
Blue – water line
Red -electricity
Yellow -natural gas
Green -sewer
Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line
If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes.

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What are advancements in civil engineering? Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world.
Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

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Why is the statue of liberty made of copper? Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it.
Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive

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Are cruise ships built for the transatlantic run? The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

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What is diversion tunnel in a dam? When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to byPAss the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel.

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What distance in meters on the ground is the equivalent of one second of arc in longitude or latitude? One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters.
Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PArallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.
Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.
At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.
The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

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How do you maintain water pressure? If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

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What are some facts about concrete? Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

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Who designed the city of Washington DC? Pierre L’enfant

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Where is the world’s longest elevator and how long is it? Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.

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How many kilo-Newtons equals 1000 kilogram? When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s², 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

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How is the Leaning Tower of Pisa supported? In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years.
In the last couple of decades, the responsible PArties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters³ of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the PAper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

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What does civil engineering mean? They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

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How long does it take concrete to harden? It takes 28 days to cure.

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What is the biggest dam in America? The Grand Coulee Dam - Grand Coulee, Washington
a) Length 5,223 ft
b) Height 550 ft

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How does siphoning work? Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow.

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Why was the Empire State Building made of steel? Strength–Steel is very strong
Flexibility–Ability to flex in the wind
Cost–Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction
Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building.

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What is the quantity of cement in Mix M20 concrete? For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be 570 kg per cum. and for Design Mix it can be optimized to 510 kg per cum.

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What is unit weight of normal concrete? 145 PCF

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What is the difference between shear and tensile strength? Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.

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How many Pyramid in Egypt? About 80

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Would you cause a 55-gallon drum of water to weigh more by climbing in? A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace.

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Who built the sears tower? While he did not build the structure (he died in l959), there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name (Illinois Building) by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role. The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5,280 Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities.

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At what point does a circle start losing area when being flattened? The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly.
The area of an ellipse is A=pi x a X b, a and b are the 1/2 major and 1/2 minor axis. If a = r = b the area is A=pi X r², which is a circle. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference.

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How do you compute volume of airflow? Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air.

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What is made from large rocks, which protects the base of cliffs? Stacks

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Why are the bolts that hold steel rails together in oval holes? It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint.

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What are the materials used in building a gravity dam? There are many gravity dams constructed of comPActed earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.

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How many feet are in 4 square yards? There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.

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What black man invented the clothes dryer? George T. Sampson

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What is the average density of soil? For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending upon how well comPActed the soil is.)

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What glue is least sticky? Elmer’s glue is least sticky.

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What are the strongest shapes in building? The pillars

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Which architectural movement is also known as Jazz Moderna? Art nouveau

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What is the withdrawal force of steel nails? In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood exPAnds and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero.

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What is the strongest bridge for a school contest? If you are making a sPAghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with PAste.

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What is the formula for figuring out how many gallons of water are in a pipe by the foot? 0.61 * d^2, where d is the diameter of the pipe in inches.

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What is the tensile strength of marble? Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7.00 – 20.0 MPA 1020 – 2900 PSI
this is the strength in a pure tension test. For bending use:
Modulus of Rupture 0.00410 – 0.0276 GPA 0.595 – 4.00 ksi

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Did any of the Egyptian pyramids ever fall down? Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight. They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid.

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Can a wave happen in the middle of the ocean like in the movie Poseidon 2006? Yes. Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships.

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What materials were used to build the Golden Gate Bridge? Its materials were steel and concrete.

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What is the density of most of construction materials? If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs/cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs/ cu.ft.–it floats. Concrete is 150 lbs. / cu.ft. — It does not float.

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How and where are aqueducts built? Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples:
a) Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers
b) Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California
c) New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate.
d) Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies
e) Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.

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What does civil status mean? Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue. Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of lead products in construction? Disadvantages: -Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems.
Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost. In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise.

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How do you measure water flowing through 300mm diameter pipes? Same as in inches 3.14159265 and PSI have to be known.

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Explain the various stages of the project planning process in construction. First stage could be Briefing and Inception.

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How do you convert wind speed into force? Therometer

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What is kn measurement? kn (both letters lowercase) is knots, which is a speed nautical miles per hour.

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What are the advantages of building a dam on the river Nile? It is the same as building a dam on any river. Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season.

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How much does the leaning tower of Pisa lean? About 14 feet

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What is the best type of wood glue? Noob

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What are the uses of Groynes? They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.

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What are the functions of a column in a building? A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight.

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What is an ice dam sock? If you have never used a ice dam melting sock on your roof before, you will find that they provide an inexpensive method for removing roof ice dams and improving your home’s heating efficiency. Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter. The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb.
Refillable ice dam melting socks breaks ice dams in minutes by creating ice channels to drain water. Just place and forget it for the winter. The socks are available from most manufacturers full of non-staining ice melt or empty for you to fill.
Ice dam melting socks remove ice dams to prevent water damage to ceilings, windowsills, wood floors, and carpets.
Most ice dam melting socks are nylon; this nylon sock can be used repeatedly to remove ice dams from your roof. Ice melt socks do not include ice melt or throw cord. Typical sock when filled weight 3 pounds, and is 18 inches long, ice melt sock lasts for months. This is based on melt of 20-40 Square yards of roof snow per sock used. Place one sock every 10-15 feet at right angles above channel eaves and gutters. Reuse sock until empty.
After use, allow socks to dry naturally. Purchase only environmentally friendly 100% nylon socks. An ice melt sock can last all winter and keep a 20 square foot area clear of ice dams depending on roof angle, sock placement, and rain/snowfall.
You can fill and refill the ice melt socks with off the shelf ice melt. Simply open the Velcro strap at top of socks, fill with off the shelf “ice melt” from any hardware store, and close the strap tightly, bottom knots for the pull cord, attach your own nylon throw cord and throw or place at troubled roof areas where ice dams are evident. Allow the throw cord to hang over the edge of the roof. Leave in place all winter or use approximately 20-foot pull cord to retrieve.
Most manufacturers can make socks to any length and can pre-fill them at a reasonable price plus shipping. You can purchase the “ice melt” with the socks from most manufacturers, fill, and refill as needed.

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What Tor stands for in Tor steel? The owner’s last name

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When was the first motorway built in England? The first motorway opened in Britain was the M6 (M=Motorway). It was known as the Preston ByPAss. It was opened in 1958.
When it was planned, the Preston ByPAss was seen as the first piece of a large network. It was deemed a success and led to the construction of a second motorway, the M1, opened in 1959.

Electrical Interview Question and Answers

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Which of the following documents is non-statutory?

• a) Health and Safety at Work Act
• b) Electricity at Work Regulations
• c) COSHH
• d) BS 7671- Requirements for Electrical Installations

Answer – d

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Prior to using an electric saw on a construction site, a user check finds that the insulation on the supply flex is damaged. The correct procedure would be to

• a) Replace the cord with a new one
• b) Report the damage to a supervisor after use
• c) Repair the cord with insulation tape
• d) Report the damage to a supervisor before use

Answer – d

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When carrying out repairs to the base of a street lighting column it is essential to wear

• a) A safety harness
• b) High visibility clothes
• c) Gauntlets
• d) High voltage clothing

Answer – b

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First aid points are indicated using signs bearing a white cross on a

• a) Yellow background
• b) Blue background
• c) Red background
• d) Green background

Answer – d

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The type of fire extinguisher, which would not be suitable for flammable liquids, is

• a) Dry powder
• b) Water
• c) Carbon dioxide
• d) Foam

Answer – b

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CO2 fire extinguishers are indicated by the color code

• a) Black
• b) Red
• c) Beige
• d) Blue

Answer – a

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An independent regulatory body responsible for monitoring standards of electrical installation contractors is the

• a) Electrical Institute Council
• b) Institute of Electrical Engineers
• c) National Electrical Contractors Institute Inspection Council
• d) National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contractors

Answer – d

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To ensure that a particular item of electro technical equipment meets a particular British Standard or BSEN Harmonized Standard, the best source of information would be the

• a) manufacturer of the equipment
• b) British Standards Institute
• c) Institute of Electrical Engineers
• d) Supplier of the equipment

Answer – a

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Using a scale of 1:50, a 10 mm measurement taken from a plan would be equal to an actual measurement of

• a) 5 mm
• b) 5 cm
• c) 0.5 m
• d) 5 m

Answer – c

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The Tesla is the unit of

• a) Magnetic flux
• b) Molecular flux
• c) Magnetic flux density
• d) Molecular flux density

Answer – c

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A single rotation of an alternator, intended to provide a 50 Hz supply frequency, will take

• a) 2 ms
• b) 20 ms
• c) 50 ms
• d) 5000 ms

Answer – b

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An increase in current through a conductor will lead to

• a) A decrease in conductor temperature
• b) A decrease in conductor resistance
• c) An increase in insulation resistance
• d) An increase in conductor temperature

Answer – d

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Four resistors having values of 2 O, 2 O, 5 O, and 20 O are connected in a parallel circuit arrangement. The total resistance of this circuit is

• a) 0.8 O
• b) 1.25 O
• c) 29 O
• d) 400 O

Answer – a

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Where P = V I. The value V can be determined using

• a) V = _I_P
• b) V = P I
• c) V = P – I
• d) V = _P_I

Answer – d

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A mass of 20 kg is to be raised by a hoist 2 m in 30 seconds. Assuming no losses, the power required to raise this load is

• a) 13.08 Watts
• b) 196.2 Watts
• c) 392.4 Watts
• d) 1200 Watts

Answer – a

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The white or grey PVC outer layer of a twin and CPC flat thermoplastic (PVC) cable is the

• a) conductor
• b) Insulation
• c) Conductor
• d) Sheath

Answer – d

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The purpose of a bonding conductor is to provide

• a) An earth fault path
• b) An equal potential zone
• c) Short circuit protection
• d) Overload protection

Answer – b

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A 110 V, centre-tapped earth, reduced low voltage supply for power tools provides a voltage of

• a) 25 V between live conductors
• b) 55 V to earth
• c) 110 V to earth
• d) 12 V SELV

Answer – b

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A particular extension lead used on a construction site is colored yellow to

• a) Indicate its mechanical stress properties
• b) Enable it to be seen in the dark
• c) Indicate the supply voltage to it
• d) Enable it to be to be identified as suitable for site use

Answer – c

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The five main stages of the risk assessment procedure are:

• a) Identify
• b) Evaluate
• c) Record
• d) Implement
• e) Review

Answer – b

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The order in which they should be carried out is

• a) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
• b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• c) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
• d) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5

Answer – a

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Before any work is done within an electrical installation, the first procedure would be to

• a) Carry out a risk assessment
• b) Turn off the main switch
• c) Remove all components
• d) Install temporary supplies

Answer – c

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On a large construction site, inductions are carried out for new members of staff in order to inform them of the

• a) Location of the canteen
• b) Requirements within BS 7671
• c) Fire safety procedure
• d) Location of the nearest wholesaler

Answer – d

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A suitable means of recording the number of visitors on a large construction site is by the use of a

• a) Day work sheet
• b) Timesheet
• c) Take off sheet
• d) Visitors book

Answer – d

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In order to prove safe isolation of an electrical circuit, it is essential to use

• a) A multi-meter
• b) An insulation resistance tester
• c) An approved voltage indicator
• d) A low reading ohmmeter

Answer – c

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In order to determine the amount of accessories required for a particular contract, the best method would be to use the layout drawings and a

• a) Site diary
• b) Take off sheet
• c) Day work sheet
• d) Time sheet

Answer – b

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The ratio of the true power to apparent power in an ac circuit is the

• a) Power consumption
• b) Harmonic current
• c) Power factor
• d) Reactive power

Answer – c

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Which of the following is a transmission voltage?

• a) 400 kV
• b) 33 kV
• c) 400 V
• d) 230 V

Answer – a

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If a circuit protective device requires 200 A in order to disconnect in the required time, the overall impedance of the earth fault path for a 230 V circuit protected by the device must not exceed

• a) 0.86 O
• b) 1.15 O
• c) 2.15 O
• d) 2.30 O

Answer – b

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Which of the following is a non-statutory regulation?

• a) Electricity at Work Regulations
• b) Health and Safety at Work Act
• c) Electricity Safety, Quality, and Continuity Regulations
• d) BS 7671- Requirements for Electrical Installations

Answer – d

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For a drawing having a scale of 1:50, a wall 10 m long would be drawn to a length of

• a) 10 mm
• b) 20 cm
• c) 50 cm
• d) 10050 mm

Answer – b

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The maximum operating temperature for a thermoplastic (pace) insulated cable with copper conductors is

• a) 60 OC
• b) 70 OC
• c) 105 OC
• d) 160 OC

Answer – b

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A circuit wired in 1.5 mm2 thermoplastic (PVC) twin with CPC cable is protected by a 16 A device and is used to supply a 230 V 3 kW water heater. If the cable has a rated voltage drop of 29 mV/A/m and the circuit is 24 m long, the actual voltage drop will be

• a) 2.08V
• b) 9.07V
• c) 11.14V
• d) 69V

Answer – b

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A non-maintained emergency light is classified as NM3. This means that the luminary will illuminate during

• a) Normal conditions then automatically switch off after three hours
• b) Any power failure for up to three hours
• c) Both normal and power failure conditions then automatically switch off after three hours
• d) Power failures that last longer than three hours but not shorter than three hours

Answer – b

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An earthing arrangement that has a PEN conductor is

• a) TN-C-S
• b) TN-S
• c) TT
• d) IT

Answer – a

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A residual current device will disconnect under

• a) short circuit conditions only
• b) Both earth fault and short circuit conditions
• c) Earth fault conditions only
• d) Overload conditions only

Answer – c

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The most suitable item of equipment to mark a straight line in order to install a horizontal conduit over a distance of 4 m is a

• a) Plumb line
• b) Spirit level
• c) Steel tape
• d) Chalk line

Answer – d

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A 50 mm x 50 mm steel trunking has a tabulated space factor of 1037. If the tabulated factor for PVC cable having a cross sectional area of 6 mm2 is 21.2, the maximum number of these cables that can be installed into the trunking is

• a) 47
• b) 48
• c) 49
• d) 50

Answer – b

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The four electrical tests that should be carried out on a new ring final circuit before it is energized are

• a) Continuity of protective conductors, continuity of ring final circuits, insulation, – resistance and polarity
• b) Continuity of ring final circuits, insulation resistance, polarity, and earth fault loop – impedance
• c) Insulation resistance, polarity, earth fault loop impedance and continuity of protective – conductors
• d) Polarity, earth fault loop-impedance, continuity of protective conductors and Continuity of ring final circuits

Answer – a

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The Electricity at Work Regulations state that electrical equipment must be maintained to prevent danger. Electrical equipment is defined as all small items of battery-powered equipment up to and including overhead power lines rated at

• a) 230V
• b) 400V
• c) 33kV
• d) 400kV

Answer – d

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In order to prevent danger during maintenance operations, a voltage warning notice is required on all electrical accessories where

• a) Voltage is present
• b) The voltage exceeds 230V and such voltage would not be expected
• c) The voltage exceeds 400V
• d) The voltage is below 230V

Answer – b

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In order to facilitate maintenance of a complex electrical system, the sequence of control for isolation can be best shown using a

• a) Block diagram
• b) Layout drawing
• c) Circuit diagram
• d) Bar chart

Answer – a

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Balancing loads over three phases will reduce

• a) Phase currents
• b) Earth faults
• c) Neutral currents
• d) Overloads

Answer – c

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Once a low-pressure mercury vapour lamp has lit, the purpose of the choke/ballast unit is to

• a) Discharge voltage
• b) Correct power factor
• c) Suppress radio interference
• d) Limit lamp current

Answer – d

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Certain discharge luminaries mounted above rotating machine can give the appearance that the machine is at a standstill. This effect is known as

• a) Stroboscopic effect
• b) Robotic effect
• c) Rotor effect
• d) Telescopic effect

Answer – a

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Guidance on regular inspection and testing of portable appliances can be found in

• a) BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installation
• b) IEE Guidance Note 3 Inspection and testing
• c) IEE Code of Practice for In-Service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment
• d) IEE on Site Guide

Answer – c

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In order to understand the operating procedure for a particular item of equipment, the best source of information would be the

• a) Company sales representative
• b) Manufacturers’ manual
• c) Manufacturers’ catalogue
• d) Circuit diagram

Answer – b

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When carrying out maintenance work on a distribution board in a busy walkway, it is advisable to protect others by the use of a

• a) Warning sign
• b) Safety barrier
• c) Temporary bollard
• d) Audible warning device

Answer – b

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Low-pressure mercury- vapor lamps should be disposed of by

• a) Throwing in a skip
• b) Putting in a glass recycle point (clear glass only)
• c) Using a suitable lamp crusher
• d) Putting in the refuse bins, which are collected weekly?

Answer – c

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Which of the following normally form part of a highway electrical system?

• a) Current transformers and photoelectrical control units
• b) Voltage transformers and RCD’s
• c) Igniters and transformers
• d) Power factor meter and isolators

Answer – c

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Which of the following is a non-statutory document?

• a) The New Roads and Street Works Act
• b) The Electricity Safety, Quality, and Continuity Regulations 2002
• c) BS 7671
• d) The Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations

Answer – c

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Which of the following is a statutory document applicable to operatives carrying out installation and maintenance of highway electrical equipment?

• a) The Laying of Cables in Public Highways
• b) H.S.E guidance H.S.G 47 (Avoiding danger from underground and overhead services)
• c) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations
• d) Electricity Association G39/1

Answer – c

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It is necessary to avoid skin contact with quartz lamps, as it

• a) Reduces the life of the lamp
• b) Could cause burns
• c) Generates excessive heat
• d) Lengthens lampworking life

Answer – a

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Voltage indication devices need to be proved to ensure

• a) That the lamp has not gone
• b) That the highway furniture has been installed correctly
• c) Safe working conditions
• d) The correct operation of street furniture

Answer – c

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Relevant information for re commissioning street furniture can be found in

• a) IEE Guidance Notes 7
• b) Works instructions
• c) The Electricity Supply Regulations
• d) The Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928

Answer – b

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Instruments should be regularly calibrated to

• a) Support local industry
• b) Ensure accuracy when testing
• c) Ensure operative is up to date
• d) Provide a training exercise for operatives

Answer – b

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To facilitate safe isolation, voltage indicating devices

• a) Must comply with BS 7671
• b) Are used to prove the circuit was dead only
• c) Are used to prove the circuit was alive only
• d) Are “proved” prior to and “re-proved” after isolation

Answer – d

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Which legislation states the need to avoid live working unless unreasonable in all circumstances?

• a) BS 7671
• b) Guidance Notes 3
• c) On-Site Guide
• d) The Electricity at Work Regulations

Answer – d

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Which of the following lamps would not normally form part of a highway electrical system?

• a) Low pressure mercury (T8-T12)
• b) Low pressure mercury (MBF)
• c) Metal halide (MBI)
• d) Incandescent Lamp (100W)

Answer – d

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Which of the following is a statutory piece of legislation?

• a) BS 7671
• b) IEE Guidance Notes
• c) Electricity at Work Regulations
• d) IEE On-Site Guide

Answer – c

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Which of the following has an impact upon earthing?

• a) BS EN 60439-01
• b) BS 4491
• c) BS 4444
• d) BS EN 60898

Answer – c

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When an ammeter is connected in a circuit it is essential that it

• a) Has a very low resistance
• b) Has a very high resistance
• c) Is connected across the supply
• d) Is connected across the load

Answer – a

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When a voltmeter is connected in a circuit it is essential that it

• a) Has a very low resistance
• b) Has a very high resistance
• c) Is connected in series with the supply
• d) Is connected in series with the load

Answer – b

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To facilitate ease of installation and assembly of equipment reference is made to

• a) BS 7430
• b) Manufacturer’s catalogues
• c) GS 38
• d) Data charts

Answer – d

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Electrostatic sensitive equipment, in transit, need not be protected against damage from

• a) High temperature
• b) Dust and fibers
• c) Moisture ingress
• d) Day light

Answer – d

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The purpose of a method statement is to

• a) Ensure compliance with BS 7671
• b) Identify a safe working practice
• c) Provide a training document for staff
• d) Provide instructions to be followed at all times

Answer – b

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The purpose of a visual inspection is to ensure compliance with BS 7671, Section

• a) 601
• b) 712
• c) 413
• d) 314

Answer – b

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Which of the following has an adverse effect on installed equipment?

• a) Eddy current damping
• b) Air damping
• c) Ambient temperature
• d) Operating temperature

Answer – c

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Which of the following is not a factor, which would affect the type of termination?

• a) Circuit design current
• b) Physical space around terminations
• c) Presence of solid foreign bodies
• d) Size of conductor

Answer – c

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To ensure safe isolation, voltage indicating devices

• a) Must comply with BS 7671
• b) Are used to prove the circuit dead only
• c) Are used to prove the circuit was alive only
• d) Must be “proved” prior to and “re-proved” after isolation

Answer – d

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A moving coil meter is not used on an ac circuit because

• a) It cannot read very small variations
• b) The direction of the deflection depends upon the direction of the current
• c) It is non linear
• d) It does not use the damping effect

Answer – b

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A common type of cable termination used for ribbon cables in panel building is

• a) Pin
• b) Lug
• c) Insulation displacement
• d) Screw

Answer – c

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The purpose of a switch is to open or close a circuit

• a) In the event of a fault current
• b) Under load conditions
• c) Under overload conditions
• d) Automatically after a fault has been repaired

Answer – b

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Which of the following are appropriate tests for a completed panel?

• a) Flash testing of components
• b) Insulation resistance and polarity
• c) Inspection of conductors for current carrying capacity
• d) Identification of conductors

Answer – b

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Which of the following is statutory?

• a) BS 7671
• b) On-Site Guide
• c) Electricity at Work Regulations
• d) GS 38

Answer – c

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What degree of protection is specified for protection against a BS finger?

• a) IP4XB
• b) IP5XB
• c) IP6XB
• d) IPXXB

Answer – d

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Q8 BS 7671 provides appropriate advice on

• a) Heights of panels
• b) Design of panels
• c) Environmental conditions
• d) Instrumentation

Answer – c

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A device with a BS EN number has been

• a) Agreed for use only within the UK
• b) Agreed for operational use within the EU
• c) Standardized for all operational uses only in the UK
• d) Standardized for use in the EU

Answer – d

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An isolator built into a panel is used for

• a) Normal load switching
• b) Fault load switching
• c) Short circuit protection
• d) No load switching

Answer – d

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Particular starting arrangements are used when a motor has a rating greater than

• a) 370 microwatts
• b) 0.37 watts
• c) 37 watts
• d) 370 watts

Answer – d

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With a star-delta starter, the windings are brought out to a terminal box. The voltage applied to the windings at starting is

• a) VL ÷ v3
• b) VL x v3
• c) VPhase ÷ v3
• d) VPhase x v3

Answer – a

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When the field windings of an electrical machine are not connected to its own armature, it is known as

• a) Self- excited
• b) Polyphase
• c) Separately-excited
• d) Synchronous

Answer – c

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In a shunt-wound motor the field coil is connected in

• a) Series with the armature
• b) Series with the motor
• c) parallel with the armature
• d) parallel with the motor

Answer – c

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If a motor is required to start against a large starting current, it is usual to use

• a) Direct on line starter
• b) Face plate starter
• c) Step down centre tapped starter
• d) Rotor resistance starter

Answer – d

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The usual method of insulating core laminations is

• a) Low reluctance silicon steel
• b) Surface oxidization
• c) High frequency air cores
• d) Cellulose paper

Answer – b

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One method of insulating windings is to use

• a) Shelac
• b) High reluctance silicon steel
• c) Low frequency dust cores
• d) PVC

Answer – a

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A single-phase double-wound transformer consists of

• a) A single core mounted winding
• b) A winding that carries the difference between IP and IS
• c) A single solid core
• d) Two electrically separated coils

Answer – d

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In a star connected three phase transformer the

• a) Three phases are connected together at the start point
• b) Three phases are separate
• c) Neutral conductor is connected to a single phase
• d) Neutral conductor is electrically separated

Answer – a


Electronics Interview Question and Answers

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How do you make a memory card of mobile phone?
A memory chip stores bits and mounted in a card with electrical contacts so a computer or camera can send data to be stored. There is not much more to it than that.

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Why do I not see the battery and capacitor combination for power backup? There are “super capacitors” that are used for power backup – they are efficient for short-term power take-over, but they are leaky and are not good for long term. Batteries tend to die slowly, more slowly than the leakage on a power backup capacitor, so the capacitor does not do any good. Regular capacitors store so little energy they cannot really be a power source.

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When recording infrasound waves or microwaves how do they differ from one another? What is the best way to read them? By microwaves, do you mean radio signals, like in a microwave oven? These have nothing to do with sound. There is no way to “record” microwaves really.
Sure, you can build a microwave transmitter with lots of power, enough to cook everyone in a building if you wanted to. The military has a microwave gun that heats up your skin painfully at a good distance (of course, all you do is wear aluminum foil and it does not affect you at all).

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How can we prove that radio waves are sine waves? What makes them sine? Fourier says that only a sine wave has no harmonic content. The math works out that if you have any wave shape other than a sign wave, you can break it down into a group of sine waves of different harmonic frequency, phase, and amplitude. All those harmonics go to zero when the wave shape is a pure sine. We can tell that radio waves behave like a sine, you can run them through a narrowband filter, and no energy is lost. Maxwell’s equations predict propagation and fields based on a sine wave, and anything other than that propagates as if it is multiple frequencies, which do not propagate energy as well. So mathematically, radio waves work as they measure to work only if you assume they are sine waves.

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Is it possible to reverse the order of a Variable Frequency Drive? Ex: I want to be able to create 120v power from a variable speed engine, with at least 6kw of power. You say many alternators, but really, you need only one. The more I think about this, the more I think it is not so hard to do. If you have a 6KW alternator, it’s possible that it has some kind of voltage regulation, maybe the rotor is not a permanent magnet, but an electromagnet with ring brushes, and there’s a regulator circuit that drives this to keep the voltage constant regardless of frequency. If this is the case, what I would do (not many would try this) is rectify this to make 150 volts DC with a simple rectifier bridge and filter cap (total maybe $30). Then buy some 1KW inverters, and tap into them after the DC-DC converter (the part where it takes in 12VDC and steps it up to 150 VDC), drive the 150VDC in at that point, then let it switch this to AC for you. You could put 6 of these all running from the same alternator, so you could run 6 1KW loads.
Now taking this idea a step further, I would realize that the DC-DC converter is most of what you are paying for in the inverter, and it is the source of inefficiency in the inverter. So you are wasting a lot of money and watts, and so I would copy the circuit out of it that does the switching (4 power FETs and a 60 cycle driver) and have my inverter done much cheaper.

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Why does charging batteries take lengthy periods? What can be done to quicken the speed? Batteries work through a chemical process, some kind of ion exchange where the battery contains two elements that want to combine ions and give up an electron to cause current flow. They do this energy release all by themselves with no energy added, it wants this exchange to happen it is more stable after the reaction. Therefore, to charge the battery you are forcing things to go backwards, which the reaction does not like. By adding a current, you are making the reaction reverse. This is not an efficient process, and usually takes more energy than is given back, like more than twice as much takes (depends on the battery type). Where does the extra energy go? It is into heat mostly.
Therefore, the problem with fast charging is you cannot put so much energy back that you get the battery too hot and melt it down. You can charge a battery at a much higher rate than you discharge it, so you can make the charge cycle take less time than the discharge (this depends on the discharge rate as well, of course). However, you are limited by the heat, so a 1-minute charge of your electric car just is not possible.

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What do mean by “flow of electron”? Flow of electrons is just what it says – electrons flow down a wire that is what current, is. Good conductors like copper and silver and aluminum have free electrons in their outer shells, and they jump from atom to atom down a wire. It is somewhat similar to water flowing down a pipe.
It’s kind of amazing that you can force this to happen with a battery or a magnet, and that you can transfer energy this way, but that’s what it does.

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What are encoder and the decoder? What are the uses of these two devices? Also, write about how it works with circuit diagram. There are zillions of things in electronics called encoders. You can look up LCDs and NAND gates as well and this is really basics.

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Do you have any ideas how to make a ping-pong ball launcher that reloads automatic and shoots automatically? Air cannon is probably the simplest, PVC pipe from Home Depot and shoots things very far, can make any size you want, need a tire pump or air compressor to power it. It is also called Potato Cannons for obvious reasons. I shot a potato over 1000 feet with 60 psi and 2″ pipe.

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Is it possible to build an AC or DC variable-speed generator with a variable field current, controlled by a signal from a torque sensor connected to the shaft of the generator (i.e., net torque = 0)? You can control the field with anything, but why would you do it with torque? Why do you say net torque=0? What is the significance of variable speed?
I am trying to think of why you would do this. If the torque were low, you could increase the field to generate more energy, which would make the torque go up. That is positive feedback, but maybe it is constant power into a resistive load (voltage would go up). If you did negative feedback, that would mean the field would reduce as the torque went up, reducing the torque, so you would have a torque regulator. This would probably be good for a wind generator, as you want to control the torque to match the wind speed to get maximum energy out, but this would also vary the output of the generator a lot. Maybe if you were heating water this would work.

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What is the significance of “4-20 mA” signal in hart protocol? The HART protocol is an old Frequency Shift Keying way of sending data, typically from highway sensors. This is a very old standard by today’s standards there are so much better ways to send data. Of course, 4-20 ma loops are even older, dating back over 50 years, and still in common use. Must be something good about it – it is simple.
4-20 ma loops are a way to send an analog value, like temperature or position, over a pair of wires. It is simple on the surface, 4 mA is the minimum, and 20 mA is the maximum of the range. The cool thing about this is that it is constant current, not a voltage, so line resistance does not matter. Anything, constant current looks like an open circuit, so it is supposedly immune to noise (though in reality it still has noise pickup problems). However, why not 0 to 20 mA the cool thing is you can power the remote sensor. You are running a current through the remote you have a voltage at the driving end why not use some of that power to run the electronics in the sensor? Therefore, if the sensor pulls less than 4 ma and you make the range 4-20, you always have enough current to power the remote at the same time.

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The current through a resistor of 50 Ω in an AC circuit at t = 0.008 s is 65% of the peak value. The smallest possible frequency of the generator delivering the current is If it is then this is easy, you take the arcsine of 65% that gives you what angle you are at in the sine cycle, take the ratio of that to 360, and multiply that by 8mS to get the time of a full cycle, and then take one over that to get frequency. This will be the lowest frequency. Note that the 50 ohms has nothing to do with it, other than implying it is an RF circuit where 50 ohms is common. You say “smallest possible frequency” which also is not very clear I will assume you mean lowest frequency. There is no highest frequency you can meet this requirement with an arbitrarily high frequency.

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What is the difference between Photodiode and Solar cell? A photodiode is made to detect light quickly a solar cell is made to collect energy from light. They are both typically silicon diodes, but modified to meet their different requirements. A photodiode has to be fast, which means low capacitance, which means small area of silicon. Therefore, it is not very sensitive, and cannot generate much power from light. A solar cell has as large an area as you can afford to buy, getting watts per square inch. There are other differences in the way they are made, and how the PN junction is grown, but they all relate to this difference in purpose.

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Can you explain electricity at atom level and if possible show some diagrams please If you look at the classic Bohr model of the atom (from 1913), you have electrons orbiting around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Normally there are as many electrons (negative charge) as protons (positive charge), so the net charge of the atom is zero. The various shells or orbit radii of the model have different characteristics as to how many electrons they are happy having orbiting in them. The first shell likes 2 max, the 2, and 6, etc. If there is one less electron that what the outermost used shell considers full, it will happily take on another electron, even if this unbalances the charge. If it has just one electron in a shell, it would happily give it up even if it unbalances the charge. Copper, one of the best conductors of electricity, has 29 electrons, which means in its 4th orbit, it has one electron. It is easily taken away by something pulling on it. In fact, if you put a bunch of copper atoms together, there is a cloud of electron sharing with that one electron moving from atom to atom, and others taking its place.
Electricity is current flow, and current flow is the movement of electrons. In a copper wire, if you push the electrons with some electro-motive force, they will flow and make a current. A battery has chemicals in it that push electrons with a chemical reaction. A generator pushes electrons with a magnetic field. A solar cell pushes electrons when photons hit a certain material and knock electrons off. If you push electrons through something that does not want to give up its electrons, it will resist and give off heat or light when electron flow is forced upon it. This all gets very complicated in the details, but it explains heaters, LEDs, and incandescent lights, etc. A moving electron flow creates a magnetic field, which explains motors and electromagnets. Energy is therefore passed by moving electrons through a wire, a very convenient effect for the world.

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How can the electromagnetic can travel in air and not lose any information contained in them? There is a limit to how far you can get television signals. The power is spreading out the farther you are away from the source. At some distance, you reach a point where the noise in the atmosphere becomes greater than the signal, and you can no longer extract all the information from the signal. Digital television has much error correction, many bits are sent just so corrections can be made when there are errors. This helps on the fringe, but even this fails when the signal gets weak enough. However, error correction makes the signal perfect until you hit that exact point where the correction fails. Thus, digital TV has a sharp cutoff point – you get a perfect picture, or it goes away completely. Therefore, electromagnetic waves do lose information. Think of someone aiming a flashlight at you. The person walks further and further away from you. At some point, you are just not going to be able to tell. What if there were fogs or lots of pollution in the air? Alternatively, 20 other flashlights and you had to pick out just the one. It is easy and 100% when they are close.

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How is the transmission of a signal in a computer over x number of clock cycles translated into binary? All computer logic today uses FETs as switches. A FET is a switch with gain, meaning that a small signal change on its input (the Gate) causes a bigger signal in the Drain. Bigger does not mean bigger voltage, it usually means more current at the same voltage, so it can drive many other inputs after it. Two FETs can be connected together to make a logic gate, like an AND function. In addition, gates can be connected together to make flip-flops and counters and adders, etc.
Logic “1″ is usually a higher voltage than logic “0″, and logic 0 is usually zero volts. In newer processors, the high voltage is less than a volt, since the FETs are so small that 1.5V will blow them up.
Therefore, it is not the presence of a signal or the lack of one; it is a high voltage and a low voltage. There is nothing that the computer translates, that voltage is it, throughout the computer. That is what binary means, one of two voltages. There is no clock involved to make something binary all signals in the computer are all binary logic with a voltage. Even a clock is just a logic signal that goes between 1 and 0 at a periodic rate.

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Can we calculate the resistor if it is installed in circuit board? You can measure a resistor in a circuit but the circuit will most likely affect the value read (usually making it look lower in resistance). A simple example would be if there were two resistors in parallel in the circuit. If you measure one, you will get the resistance of the two in parallel, and maybe other effects of the rest of the circuit.
Most resistors have markings on them, and they rarely fail unless they are cooked by too much power. That is the easy way. If they are not marked, you want to know the value, and it is in a circuit, then it is hard to figure out the value. It might be easier to unsolder one end of it and then measure it.